(535,'LAST_DAY',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nLAST_DAY(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nTakes a date or datetime value and returns the corresponding value for the\nlast day of the month. Returns NULL if the argument is invalid.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT LAST_DAY(\'2003-02-05\');\n+------------------------+\n| LAST_DAY(\'2003-02-05\') |\n+------------------------+\n| 2003-02-28             |\n+------------------------+\n\nSELECT LAST_DAY(\'2004-02-05\');\n+------------------------+\n| LAST_DAY(\'2004-02-05\') |\n+------------------------+\n| 2004-02-29             |\n+------------------------+\n\nSELECT LAST_DAY(\'2004-01-01 01:01:01\');\n+---------------------------------+\n| LAST_DAY(\'2004-01-01 01:01:01\') |\n+---------------------------------+\n| 2004-01-31                      |\n+---------------------------------+\n\nSELECT LAST_DAY(\'2003-03-32\');\n+------------------------+\n| LAST_DAY(\'2003-03-32\') |\n+------------------------+\n| NULL                   |\n+------------------------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nWarning (Code 1292): Incorrect datetime value: \'2003-03-32\'\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/last_day/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/last_day/'),
(538,'MAKEDATE',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nMAKEDATE(year,dayofyear)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a date, given year and day-of-year values. dayofyear must be greater\nthan 0 or the result is NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT MAKEDATE(2011,31), MAKEDATE(2011,32);\n+-------------------+-------------------+\n| MAKEDATE(2011,31) | MAKEDATE(2011,32) |\n+-------------------+-------------------+\n| 2011-01-31        | 2011-02-01        |\n+-------------------+-------------------+\n\nSELECT MAKEDATE(2011,365), MAKEDATE(2014,365);\n+--------------------+--------------------+\n| MAKEDATE(2011,365) | MAKEDATE(2014,365) |\n+--------------------+--------------------+\n| 2011-12-31         | 2014-12-31         |\n+--------------------+--------------------+\n\nSELECT MAKEDATE(2011,0);\n+------------------+\n| MAKEDATE(2011,0) |\n+------------------+\n| NULL             |\n+------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/makedate/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/makedate/'),
(539,'MAKETIME',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nMAKETIME(hour,minute,second)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a time value calculated from the hour, minute, and second arguments.\n\nIf minute or second are out of the range 0 to 60, NULL is returned. The hour\ncan be in the range -838 to 838, outside of which the value is truncated with\na warning.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT MAKETIME(13,57,33);\n+--------------------+\n| MAKETIME(13,57,33) |\n+--------------------+\n| 13:57:33           |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT MAKETIME(-13,57,33);\n+---------------------+\n| MAKETIME(-13,57,33) |\n+---------------------+\n| -13:57:33           |\n+---------------------+\n\nSELECT MAKETIME(13,67,33);\n+--------------------+\n| MAKETIME(13,67,33) |\n+--------------------+\n| NULL               |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT MAKETIME(-1000,57,33);\n+-----------------------+\n| MAKETIME(-1000,57,33) |\n+-----------------------+\n| -838:59:59            |\n+-----------------------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------+\n| Level   | Code | Message                                       |\n+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------+\n| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect time value: \'-1000:57:33\' |\n+---------+------+-----------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/maketime/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/maketime/'),
(540,'MICROSECOND',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nMICROSECOND(expr)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the microseconds from the time or datetime expression expr as a number\nin the range from 0 to 999999.\n\nIf expr is a time with no microseconds, zero is returned, while if expr is a\ndate with no time, zero with a warning is returned.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT MICROSECOND(\'12:00:00.123456\');\n+--------------------------------+\n| MICROSECOND(\'12:00:00.123456\') |\n+--------------------------------+\n|                         123456 |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nSELECT MICROSECOND(\'2009-12-31 23:59:59.000010\');\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| MICROSECOND(\'2009-12-31 23:59:59.000010\') |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n|                                        10 |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT MICROSECOND(\'2013-08-07 12:13:14\');\n+------------------------------------+\n| MICROSECOND(\'2013-08-07 12:13:14\') |\n+------------------------------------+\n|                                  0 |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT MICROSECOND(\'2013-08-07\');\n+---------------------------+\n| MICROSECOND(\'2013-08-07\') |\n+---------------------------+\n|                         0 |\n+---------------------------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------------+\n| Level   | Code | Message                                      |\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------------+\n| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect time value: \'2013-08-07\' |\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/microsecond/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/microsecond/'),
(544,'NOW',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nNOW([precision])\nCURRENT_TIMESTAMP\nCURRENT_TIMESTAMP([precision])\nLOCALTIME, LOCALTIME([precision])\nLOCALTIMESTAMP\nLOCALTIMESTAMP([precision])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the current date and time as a value in \'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS\' or\nYYYYMMDDHHMMSS.uuuuuu format, depending on whether the function is used in a\nstring or numeric context. The value is expressed in the current time zone.\n\nThe optional precision determines the microsecond precision. See Microseconds\nin MariaDB.\n\nNOW() (or its synonyms) can be used as the default value for TIMESTAMP columns\nas well as, since MariaDB 10.0.1, DATETIME columns. Before MariaDB 10.0.1, it\nwas only possible for a single TIMESTAMP column per table to contain the\nCURRENT_TIMESTAMP as its default.\n\nWhen displayed in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS table, a default CURRENT\nTIMESTAMP is displayed as CURRENT_TIMESTAMP up until MariaDB 10.2.2, and as\ncurrent_timestamp() from MariaDB 10.2.3, due to to MariaDB 10.2 accepting\nexpressions in the DEFAULT clause.\n\nChanging the timestamp system variable with a SET timestamp statement affects\nthe value returned by NOW(), but not by SYSDATE().\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT NOW();\n+---------------------+\n| NOW()               |\n+---------------------+\n| 2010-03-27 13:13:25 |\n+---------------------+\n\nSELECT NOW() + 0;\n+-----------------------+\n| NOW() + 0             |\n+-----------------------+\n| 20100327131329.000000 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nWith precision:\n\nSELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(2);\n+------------------------+\n| CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(2)   |\n+------------------------+\n| 2018-07-10 09:47:26.24 |\n+------------------------+\n\nUsed as a default TIMESTAMP:\n\nCREATE TABLE t (createdTS TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.2.2:\n\nSELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA=\'test\'\n AND COLUMN_NAME LIKE \'%ts%\'\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n     TABLE_CATALOG: def\n      TABLE_SCHEMA: test\n       TABLE_NAME: t\n      COLUMN_NAME: ts\n    ORDINAL_POSITION: 1\n     COLUMN_DEFAULT: current_timestamp()\n...\n\n<= MariaDB 10.2.1\n\nSELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA=\'test\'\n AND COLUMN_NAME LIKE \'%ts%\'\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n     TABLE_CATALOG: def\n      TABLE_SCHEMA: test\n       TABLE_NAME: t\n      COLUMN_NAME: createdTS\n    ORDINAL_POSITION: 1\n     COLUMN_DEFAULT: CURRENT_TIMESTAMP\n...\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/now/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/now/'),
(545,'PERIOD_ADD',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nPERIOD_ADD(P,N)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nAdds N months to period P. P is in the format YYMM or YYYYMM, and is not a\ndate value. If P contains a two-digit year, values from 00 to 69 are converted\nto from 2000 to 2069, while values from 70 are converted to 1970 upwards.\n\nReturns a value in the format YYYYMM.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT PERIOD_ADD(200801,2);\n+----------------------+\n| PERIOD_ADD(200801,2) |\n+----------------------+\n|               200803 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT PERIOD_ADD(6910,2);\n+--------------------+\n| PERIOD_ADD(6910,2) |\n+--------------------+\n|             206912 |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT PERIOD_ADD(7010,2);\n+--------------------+\n| PERIOD_ADD(7010,2) |\n+--------------------+\n|             197012 |\n+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/period_add/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/period_add/'),
(546,'PERIOD_DIFF',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nPERIOD_DIFF(P1,P2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the number of months between periods P1 and P2. P1 and P2 can be in\nthe format YYMM or YYYYMM, and are not date values.\n\nIf P1 or P2 contains a two-digit year, values from 00 to 69 are converted to\nfrom 2000 to 2069, while values from 70 are converted to 1970 upwards.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT PERIOD_DIFF(200802,200703);\n+----------------------------+\n| PERIOD_DIFF(200802,200703) |\n+----------------------------+\n|                         11 |\n+----------------------------+\n\nSELECT PERIOD_DIFF(6902,6803);\n+------------------------+\n| PERIOD_DIFF(6902,6803) |\n+------------------------+\n|                     11 |\n+------------------------+\n\nSELECT PERIOD_DIFF(7002,6803);\n+------------------------+\n| PERIOD_DIFF(7002,6803) |\n+------------------------+\n|                  -1177 |\n+------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/period_diff/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/period_diff/'),
(549,'SEC_TO_TIME',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nSEC_TO_TIME(seconds)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the seconds argument, converted to hours, minutes, and seconds, as a\nTIME value. The range of the result is constrained to that of the TIME data\ntype. A warning occurs if the argument corresponds to a value outside that\nrange.\n\nThe time will be returned in the format hh:mm:ss, or hhmmss if used in a\nnumeric calculation.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT SEC_TO_TIME(12414);\n+--------------------+\n| SEC_TO_TIME(12414) |\n+--------------------+\n| 03:26:54           |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT SEC_TO_TIME(12414)+0;\n+----------------------+\n| SEC_TO_TIME(12414)+0 |\n+----------------------+\n|                32654 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT SEC_TO_TIME(9999999);\n+----------------------+\n| SEC_TO_TIME(9999999) |\n+----------------------+\n| 838:59:59            |\n+----------------------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+---------+------+-------------------------------------------+\n| Level   | Code | Message                                   |\n+---------+------+-------------------------------------------+\n| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect time value: \'9999999\' |\n+---------+------+-------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/sec_to_time/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/sec_to_time/'),
(551,'SUBDATE',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nSUBDATE(date,INTERVAL expr unit), SUBDATE(expr,days)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nWhen invoked with the INTERVAL form of the second argument, SUBDATE() is a\nsynonym for DATE_SUB(). See Date and Time Units for a complete list of\npermitted units.\n\nThe second form allows the use of an integer value for days. In such cases, it\nis interpreted as the number of days to be subtracted from the date or\ndatetime expression expr.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT DATE_SUB(\'2008-01-02\', INTERVAL 31 DAY);\n+-----------------------------------------+\n| DATE_SUB(\'2008-01-02\', INTERVAL 31 DAY) |\n+-----------------------------------------+\n| 2007-12-02                              |\n+-----------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBDATE(\'2008-01-02\', INTERVAL 31 DAY);\n+----------------------------------------+\n| SUBDATE(\'2008-01-02\', INTERVAL 31 DAY) |\n+----------------------------------------+\n| 2007-12-02                             |\n+----------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBDATE(\'2008-01-02 12:00:00\', 31);\n+------------------------------------+\n| SUBDATE(\'2008-01-02 12:00:00\', 31) |\n+------------------------------------+\n| 2007-12-02 12:00:00                |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT d, SUBDATE(d, 10) from t1;\n+---------------------+---------------------+\n| d                   | SUBDATE(d, 10)      |\n+---------------------+---------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 | 2007-01-20 21:31:07 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 | 1983-10-05 06:42:51 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 | 2011-04-11 12:34:56 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 | 2011-10-20 06:31:41 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 | 2011-01-20 14:03:25 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 | 2004-09-27 11:19:34 |\n+---------------------+---------------------+\n\nSELECT d, SUBDATE(d, INTERVAL 10 MINUTE) from t1;\n+---------------------+--------------------------------+\n| d                   | SUBDATE(d, INTERVAL 10 MINUTE) |\n+---------------------+--------------------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 | 2007-01-30 21:21:07            |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 | 1983-10-15 06:32:51            |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 | 2011-04-21 12:24:56            |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 | 2011-10-30 06:21:41            |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 | 2011-01-30 13:53:25            |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 | 2004-10-07 11:09:34            |\n+---------------------+--------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subdate/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subdate/'),
(552,'SUBTIME',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nSUBTIME(expr1,expr2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSUBTIME() returns expr1 - expr2 expressed as a value in the same format as\nexpr1. expr1 is a time or datetime expression, and expr2 is a time expression.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT SUBTIME(\'2007-12-31 23:59:59.999999\',\'1 1:1:1.000002\');\n+--------------------------------------------------------+\n| SUBTIME(\'2007-12-31 23:59:59.999999\',\'1 1:1:1.000002\') |\n+--------------------------------------------------------+\n| 2007-12-30 22:58:58.999997                             |\n+--------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBTIME(\'01:00:00.999999\', \'02:00:00.999998\');\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| SUBTIME(\'01:00:00.999999\', \'02:00:00.999998\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| -00:59:59.999999                              |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subtime/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subtime/'),
(553,'SYSDATE',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nSYSDATE([precision])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the current date and time as a value in \'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS\' or\nYYYYMMDDHHMMSS.uuuuuu format, depending on whether the function is used in a\nstring or numeric context.\n\nThe optional precision determines the microsecond precision. See Microseconds\nin MariaDB.\n\nSYSDATE() returns the time at which it executes. This differs from the\nbehavior for NOW(), which returns a constant time that indicates the time at\nwhich the statement began to execute. (Within a stored routine or trigger,\nNOW() returns the time at which the routine or triggering statement began to\nexecute.)\n\nIn addition, changing the timestamp system variable with a SET timestamp\nstatement affects the value returned by NOW() but not by SYSDATE(). This means\nthat timestamp settings in the binary log have no effect on invocations of\nSYSDATE().\n\nBecause SYSDATE() can return different values even within the same statement,\nand is not affected by SET TIMESTAMP, it is non-deterministic and therefore\nunsafe for replication if statement-based binary logging is used. If that is a\nproblem, you can use row-based logging, or start the server with the mysqld\noption --sysdate-is-now to cause SYSDATE() to be an alias for NOW(). The\nnon-deterministic nature of SYSDATE() also means that indexes cannot be used\nfor evaluating expressions that refer to it, and that statements using the\nSYSDATE() function are unsafe for statement-based replication.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nDifference between NOW() and SYSDATE():\n\nSELECT NOW(), SLEEP(2), NOW();\n+---------------------+----------+---------------------+\n| NOW()               | SLEEP(2) | NOW()               |\n+---------------------+----------+---------------------+\n| 2010-03-27 13:23:40 |        0 | 2010-03-27 13:23:40 |\n+---------------------+----------+---------------------+\n\nSELECT SYSDATE(), SLEEP(2), SYSDATE();\n+---------------------+----------+---------------------+\n| SYSDATE()           | SLEEP(2) | SYSDATE()           |\n+---------------------+----------+---------------------+\n| 2010-03-27 13:23:52 |        0 | 2010-03-27 13:23:54 |\n+---------------------+----------+---------------------+\n\nWith precision:\n\nSELECT SYSDATE(4);\n+--------------------------+\n| SYSDATE(4)               |\n+--------------------------+\n| 2018-07-10 10:17:13.1689 |\n+--------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/sysdate/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/sysdate/'),
(555,'TIMEDIFF',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nTIMEDIFF(expr1,expr2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nTIMEDIFF() returns expr1 - expr2 expressed as a time value. expr1 and expr2\nare time or date-and-time expressions, but both must be of the same type.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TIMEDIFF(\'2000:01:01 00:00:00\', \'2000:01:01 00:00:00.000001\');\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n| TIMEDIFF(\'2000:01:01 00:00:00\', \'2000:01:01 00:00:00.000001\') |\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n| -00:00:00.000001                                              |\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TIMEDIFF(\'2008-12-31 23:59:59.000001\', \'2008-12-30 01:01:01.000002\');\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| TIMEDIFF(\'2008-12-31 23:59:59.000001\', \'2008-12-30 01:01:01.000002\') |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| 46:58:57.999999                                                      |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timediff/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timediff/'),
(556,'TIMESTAMP FUNCTION',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nTIMESTAMP(expr), TIMESTAMP(expr1,expr2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nWith a single argument, this function returns the date or datetime expression\nexpr as a datetime value. With two arguments, it adds the time expression\nexpr2 to the date or datetime expression expr1 and returns the result as a\ndatetime value.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMP(\'2003-12-31\');\n+-------------------------+\n| TIMESTAMP(\'2003-12-31\') |\n+-------------------------+\n| 2003-12-31 00:00:00     |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMP(\'2003-12-31 12:00:00\',\'6:30:00\');\n+--------------------------------------------+\n| TIMESTAMP(\'2003-12-31 12:00:00\',\'6:30:00\') |\n+--------------------------------------------+\n| 2003-12-31 18:30:00                        |\n+--------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timestamp-function/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timestamp-function/'),
(557,'TIMESTAMPADD',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nTIMESTAMPADD(unit,interval,datetime_expr)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nAdds the integer expression interval to the date or datetime expression\ndatetime_expr. The unit for interval is given by the unit argument, which\nshould be one of the following values: MICROSECOND, SECOND, MINUTE, HOUR, DAY,\nWEEK, MONTH, QUARTER, or YEAR.\n\nThe unit value may be specified using one of keywords as shown, or with a\nprefix of SQL_TSI_. For example, DAY and SQL_TSI_DAY both are legal.\n\nBefore MariaDB 5.5, FRAC_SECOND was permitted as a synonym for MICROSECOND.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMPADD(MINUTE,1,\'2003-01-02\');\n+-------------------------------------+\n| TIMESTAMPADD(MINUTE,1,\'2003-01-02\') |\n+-------------------------------------+\n| 2003-01-02 00:01:00                 |\n+-------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMPADD(WEEK,1,\'2003-01-02\');\n+-----------------------------------+\n| TIMESTAMPADD(WEEK,1,\'2003-01-02\') |\n+-----------------------------------+\n| 2003-01-09                        |\n+-----------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timestampadd/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timestampadd/'),
(558,'TIMESTAMPDIFF',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nTIMESTAMPDIFF(unit,datetime_expr1,datetime_expr2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns datetime_expr2 - datetime_expr1, where datetime_expr1 and\ndatetime_expr2 are date or datetime expressions. One expression may be a date\nand the other a datetime; a date value is treated as a datetime having the\ntime part \'00:00:00\' where necessary. The unit for the result (an integer) is\ngiven by the unit argument. The legal values for unit are the same as those\nlisted in the description of the TIMESTAMPADD() function, i.e MICROSECOND,\nSECOND, MINUTE, HOUR, DAY, WEEK, MONTH, QUARTER, or YEAR.\n\nTIMESTAMPDIFF can also be used to calculate age.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(MONTH,\'2003-02-01\',\'2003-05-01\');\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| TIMESTAMPDIFF(MONTH,\'2003-02-01\',\'2003-05-01\') |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n|                                              3 |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,\'2002-05-01\',\'2001-01-01\');\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,\'2002-05-01\',\'2001-01-01\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n|                                            -1 |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(MINUTE,\'2003-02-01\',\'2003-05-01 12:05:55\');\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n| TIMESTAMPDIFF(MINUTE,\'2003-02-01\',\'2003-05-01 12:05:55\') |\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n|                                                   128885 |\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n\nCalculating age:\n\nSELECT CURDATE();\n+------------+\n| CURDATE()  |\n+------------+\n| 2019-05-27 |\n+------------+\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR, \'1971-06-06\', CURDATE()) AS age;\n+------+\n| age  |\n+------+\n|   47 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR, \'1971-05-06\', CURDATE()) AS age;\n+------+\n| age  |\n+------+\n|   48 |\n+------+\n\nAge as of 2014-08-02:\n\nSELECT name, date_of_birth, TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,date_of_birth,\'2014-08-02\') AS\nage \n FROM student_details;\n+---------+---------------+------+\n| name    | date_of_birth | age  |\n+---------+---------------+------+\n| Chun    | 1993-12-31    |   20 |\n| Esben   | 1946-01-01    |   68 |\n| Kaolin  | 1996-07-16    |   18 |\n| Tatiana | 1988-04-13    |   26 |\n+---------+---------------+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timestampdiff/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/timestampdiff/'),
(560,'TIME_TO_SEC',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nTIME_TO_SEC(time)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the time argument, converted to seconds.\n\nThe value returned by TIME_TO_SEC is of type DOUBLE. Before MariaDB 5.3 (and\nMySQL 5.6), the type was INT. The returned value preserves microseconds of the\nargument. See also Microseconds in MariaDB.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TIME_TO_SEC(\'22:23:00\');\n+-------------------------+\n| TIME_TO_SEC(\'22:23:00\') |\n+-------------------------+\n|                   80580 |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT TIME_TO_SEC(\'00:39:38\');\n+-------------------------+\n| TIME_TO_SEC(\'00:39:38\') |\n+-------------------------+\n|                    2378 |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT TIME_TO_SEC(\'09:12:55.2355\');\n+------------------------------+\n| TIME_TO_SEC(\'09:12:55.2355\') |\n+------------------------------+\n|                   33175.2355 |\n+------------------------------+\n1 row in set (0.000 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/time_to_sec/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/time_to_sec/'),
(561,'TO_DAYS',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nTO_DAYS(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nGiven a date date, returns the number of days since the start of the current\ncalendar (0000-00-00).\n\nThe function is not designed for use with dates before the advent of the\nGregorian calendar in October 1582. Results will not be reliable since it\ndoesn\'t account for the lost days when the calendar changed from the Julian\ncalendar.\n\nThis is the converse of the FROM_DAYS() function.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TO_DAYS(\'2007-10-07\');\n+-----------------------+\n| TO_DAYS(\'2007-10-07\') |\n+-----------------------+\n|                733321 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_DAYS(\'0000-01-01\');\n+-----------------------+\n| TO_DAYS(\'0000-01-01\') |\n+-----------------------+\n|                     1 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_DAYS(950501);\n+-----------------+\n| TO_DAYS(950501) |\n+-----------------+\n|          728779 |\n+-----------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_days/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_days/'),
(562,'TO_SECONDS',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nTO_SECONDS(expr)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the number of seconds from year 0 till expr, or NULL if expr is not a\nvalid date or datetime.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TO_SECONDS(\'2013-06-13\');\n+--------------------------+\n| TO_SECONDS(\'2013-06-13\') |\n+--------------------------+\n|              63538300800 |\n+--------------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_SECONDS(\'2013-06-13 21:45:13\');\n+-----------------------------------+\n| TO_SECONDS(\'2013-06-13 21:45:13\') |\n+-----------------------------------+\n|                       63538379113 |\n+-----------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_SECONDS(NOW());\n+-------------------+\n| TO_SECONDS(NOW()) |\n+-------------------+\n|       63543530875 |\n+-------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_SECONDS(20130513);\n+----------------------+\n| TO_SECONDS(20130513) |\n+----------------------+\n|          63535622400 |\n+----------------------+\n1 row in set (0.00 sec)\n\nSELECT TO_SECONDS(130513);\n+--------------------+\n| TO_SECONDS(130513) |\n+--------------------+\n|        63535622400 |\n+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_seconds/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_seconds/'),
(563,'UNIX_TIMESTAMP',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nUNIX_TIMESTAMP()\nUNIX_TIMESTAMP(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nIf called with no argument, returns a Unix timestamp (seconds since\n\'1970-01-01 00:00:00\' UTC) as an unsigned integer. If UNIX_TIMESTAMP() is\ncalled with a date argument, it returns the value of the argument as seconds\nsince \'1970-01-01 00:00:00\' UTC. date may be a DATE string, a DATETIME string,\na TIMESTAMP, or a number in the format YYMMDD or YYYYMMDD. The server\ninterprets date as a value in the current time zone and converts it to an\ninternal value in UTC. Clients can set their time zone as described in time\nzones.\n\nThe inverse function of UNIX_TIMESTAMP() is FROM_UNIXTIME()\n\nUNIX_TIMESTAMP() supports microseconds.\n\nTimestamps in MariaDB have a maximum value of 2147483647, equivalent to\n2038-01-19 05:14:07. This is due to the underlying 32-bit limitation. Using\nthe function on a date beyond this will result in NULL being returned. Use\nDATETIME as a storage type if you require dates beyond this.\n\nError Handling\n--------------\n\nReturns NULL for wrong arguments to UNIX_TIMESTAMP(). In MySQL and MariaDB\nbefore 5.3 wrong arguments to UNIX_TIMESTAMP() returned 0.\n\nCompatibility\n-------------\n\nAs you can see in the examples above, UNIX_TIMESTAMP(constant-date-string)\nreturns a timestamp with 6 decimals while MariaDB 5.2 and before returns it\nwithout decimals. This can cause a problem if you are using UNIX_TIMESTAMP()\nas a partitioning function. You can fix this by using\nFLOOR(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(..)) or changing the date string to a date number, like\n20080101000000.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP();\n+------------------+\n| UNIX_TIMESTAMP() |\n+------------------+\n|       1269711082 |\n+------------------+\n\nSELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP(\'2007-11-30 10:30:19\');\n+---------------------------------------+\n| UNIX_TIMESTAMP(\'2007-11-30 10:30:19\') |\n+---------------------------------------+\n|                     1196436619.000000 |\n+---------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP(\"2007-11-30 10:30:19.123456\");\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| unix_timestamp(\"2007-11-30 10:30:19.123456\") |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n|                            1196411419.123456 |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(\'2007-11-30 10:30:19\'));\n+------------------------------------------------------+\n| FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(\'2007-11-30 10:30:19\')) |\n+------------------------------------------------------+\n| 2007-11-30 10:30:19.000000                           |\n+------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(FLOOR(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(\'2007-11-30 10:30:19\')));\n+-------------------------------------------------------------+\n| FROM_UNIXTIME(FLOOR(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(\'2007-11-30 10:30:19\'))) |\n+-------------------------------------------------------------+\n| 2007-11-30 10:30:19                                         |\n+-------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/unix_timestamp/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/unix_timestamp/'),
(566,'UTC_TIMESTAMP',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nUTC_TIMESTAMP\nUTC_TIMESTAMP([precision])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the current UTC date and time as a value in \'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS\' or\nYYYYMMDDHHMMSS.uuuuuu format, depending on whether the function is used in a\nstring or numeric context.\n\nThe optional precision determines the microsecond precision. See Microseconds\nin MariaDB.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT UTC_TIMESTAMP(), UTC_TIMESTAMP() + 0;\n+---------------------+-----------------------+\n| UTC_TIMESTAMP()     | UTC_TIMESTAMP() + 0   |\n+---------------------+-----------------------+\n| 2010-03-27 17:33:16 | 20100327173316.000000 |\n+---------------------+-----------------------+\n\nWith precision:\n\nSELECT UTC_TIMESTAMP(4);\n+--------------------------+\n| UTC_TIMESTAMP(4)         |\n+--------------------------+\n| 2018-07-10 07:51:09.1019 |\n+--------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/utc_timestamp/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/utc_timestamp/'),
(567,'WEEK',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nWEEK(date[,mode])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis function returns the week number for date. The two-argument form of\nWEEK() allows you to specify whether the week starts on Sunday or Monday and\nwhether the return value should be in the range from 0 to 53 or from 1 to 53.\nIf the mode argument is omitted, the value of the default_week_format system\nvariable is used.\n\nModes\n-----\n\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| Mode  | 1st day of week     | Range  | Week 1 is the 1st week with        |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 0     | Sunday              | 0-53   | a Sunday in this year              |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 1     | Monday              | 0-53   | more than 3 days this year         |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 2     | Sunday              | 1-53   | a Sunday in this year              |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 3     | Monday              | 1-53   | more than 3 days this year         |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 4     | Sunday              | 0-53   | more than 3 days this year         |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 5     | Monday              | 0-53   | a Monday in this year              |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 6     | Sunday              | 1-53   | more than 3 days this year         |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n| 7     | Monday              | 1-53   | a Monday in this year              |\n+-------+---------------------+--------+------------------------------------+\n\nWith the mode value of 3, which means \'more than 3 days this year\', weeks are\nnumbered according to ISO 8601:1988.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT WEEK(\'2008-02-20\');\n+--------------------+\n| WEEK(\'2008-02-20\') |\n+--------------------+\n|                  7 |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT WEEK(\'2008-02-20\',0);\n+----------------------+\n| WEEK(\'2008-02-20\',0) |\n+----------------------+\n|                    7 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT WEEK(\'2008-02-20\',1);\n+----------------------+\n| WEEK(\'2008-02-20\',1) |\n+----------------------+\n|                    8 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT WEEK(\'2008-12-31\',0);\n+----------------------+\n| WEEK(\'2008-12-31\',0) |\n+----------------------+\n|                   52 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT WEEK(\'2008-12-31\',1);\n+----------------------+\n| WEEK(\'2008-12-31\',1) |\n+----------------------+\n|                   53 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT WEEK(\'2019-12-30\',3);\n+----------------------+\n| WEEK(\'2019-12-30\',3) |\n+----------------------+\n|                    1 |\n+----------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT d, WEEK(d,0), WEEK(d,1) from t1;\n+---------------------+-----------+-----------+\n| d                   | WEEK(d,0) | WEEK(d,1) |\n+---------------------+-----------+-----------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 |         4 |         5 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 |        41 |        41 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 |        16 |        16 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |        44 |        43 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |         5 |         4 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 |        40 |        41 |\n+---------------------+-----------+-----------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/week/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/week/'),
(568,'WEEKDAY',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nWEEKDAY(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the weekday index for date (0 = Monday, 1 = Tuesday, ... 6 = Sunday).\n\nThis contrasts with DAYOFWEEK() which follows the ODBC standard (1 = Sunday, 2\n= Monday, ..., 7 = Saturday).\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT WEEKDAY(\'2008-02-03 22:23:00\');\n+--------------------------------+\n| WEEKDAY(\'2008-02-03 22:23:00\') |\n+--------------------------------+\n|                              6 |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nSELECT WEEKDAY(\'2007-11-06\');\n+-----------------------+\n| WEEKDAY(\'2007-11-06\') |\n+-----------------------+\n|                     1 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT d FROM t1 where WEEKDAY(d) = 6;\n+---------------------+\n| d                   |\n+---------------------+\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |\n+---------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/weekday/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/weekday/'),
(569,'WEEKOFYEAR',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nWEEKOFYEAR(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the calendar week of the date as a number in the range from 1 to 53.\nWEEKOFYEAR() is a compatibility function that is equivalent to WEEK(date,3).\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT WEEKOFYEAR(\'2008-02-20\');\n+--------------------------+\n| WEEKOFYEAR(\'2008-02-20\') |\n+--------------------------+\n|                        8 |\n+--------------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nselect * from t1;\n+---------------------+\n| d                   |\n+---------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 |\n+---------------------+\n\nSELECT d, WEEKOFYEAR(d), WEEK(d,3) from t1;\n+---------------------+---------------+-----------+\n| d                   | WEEKOFYEAR(d) | WEEK(d,3) |\n+---------------------+---------------+-----------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 |             5 |         5 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 |            41 |        41 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 |            16 |        16 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |            43 |        43 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |             4 |         4 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 |            41 |        41 |\n+---------------------+---------------+-----------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/weekofyear/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/weekofyear/'),
(570,'YEAR',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nYEAR(date)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the year for the given date, in the range 1000 to 9999, or 0 for the\n\"zero\" date.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT * FROM t1;\n+---------------------+\n| d                   |\n+---------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 |\n+---------------------+\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE YEAR(d) = 2011;\n+---------------------+\n| d                   |\n+---------------------+\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |\n+---------------------+\n\nSELECT YEAR(\'1987-01-01\');\n+--------------------+\n| YEAR(\'1987-01-01\') |\n+--------------------+\n|               1987 |\n+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/year/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/year/'),
(571,'YEARWEEK',31,'Syntax\n------\n\nYEARWEEK(date), YEARWEEK(date,mode)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns year and week for a date. The mode argument works exactly like the\nmode argument to WEEK(). The year in the result may be different from the year\nin the date argument for the first and the last week of the year.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT YEARWEEK(\'1987-01-01\');\n+------------------------+\n| YEARWEEK(\'1987-01-01\') |\n+------------------------+\n|                 198652 |\n+------------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\n\nSELECT * FROM t1;\n+---------------------+\n| d                   |\n+---------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31:07 |\n| 1983-10-15 06:42:51 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34:56 |\n| 2011-10-30 06:31:41 |\n| 2011-01-30 14:03:25 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19:34 |\n+---------------------+\n6 rows in set (0.02 sec)\n\nSELECT YEARWEEK(d) FROM t1 WHERE YEAR(d) = 2011;\n+-------------+\n| YEARWEEK(d) |\n+-------------+\n|      201116 |\n|      201144 |\n|      201105 |\n+-------------+\n3 rows in set (0.03 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/yearweek/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/yearweek/'),
(572,'Well-Known Binary (WKB) Format',32,'WKB stands for Well-Known Binary, a format for representing geographical and\ngeometrical data.\n\nWKB uses 1-byte unsigned integers, 4-byte unsigned integers, and 8-byte\ndouble-precision numbers.\n\n* The first byte indicates the byte order. 00 for big endian, or 01 for little\nendian.\n* The next 4 bytes indicate the geometry type. Values from 1 to 7 indicate\nwhether the type is Point, LineString, Polygon, MultiPoint, MultiLineString,\nMultiPolygon, or GeometryCollection respectively. \n* The 8-byte floats represent the co-ordinates.\n\nTake the following example, a sequence of 21 bytes each represented by two hex\ndigits:\n\n000000000140000000000000004010000000000000\n\n* It\'s big endian\n000000000140000000000000004010000000000000\n\n* It\'s a POINT\n000000000140000000000000004010000000000000\n\n* The X co-ordinate is 2.0\n000000000140000000000000004010000000000000\n\n* The Y-co-ordinate is 4.0\n000000000140000000000000004010000000000000\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/well-known-binary-wkb-format/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/well-known-binary-wkb-format/'),
(592,'ST_GeomCollFromWKB',32,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_GeomCollFromWKB(wkb[,srid])\nST_GeometryCollectionFromWKB(wkb[,srid])\nGeomCollFromWKB(wkb[,srid])\nGeometryCollectionFromWKB(wkb[,srid])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nConstructs a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION value using its WKB representation and SRID.\n\nST_GeomCollFromWKB(), ST_GeometryCollectionFromWKB(), GeomCollFromWKB() and\nGeometryCollectionFromWKB() are synonyms.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @g = ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText(\'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(\n POLYGON((5 5,10 5,10 10,5 5)),POINT(10 10))\'));\n\nSELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomCollFromWKB(@g));\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ST_AsText(ST_GeomCollFromWKB(@g))                              |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n| GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POLYGON((5 5,10 5,10 10,5 5)),POINT(10 10)) |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_geomcollfromwkb/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_geomcollfromwkb/'),
(601,'Geometry Types',34,'Description\n-----------\n\nMariaDB provides a standard way of creating spatial columns for geometry\ntypes, for example, with CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE. Currently, spatial\ncolumns are supported for MyISAM, InnoDB and ARCHIVE tables. See also SPATIAL\nINDEX.\n\nThe basic geometry type is GEOMETRY. But the type can be more specific. The\nfollowing types are supported:\n\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| Geometry Types                                                              |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| POINT                                                                       |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| LINESTRING                                                                  |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| POLYGON                                                                     |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| MULTIPOINT                                                                  |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| MULTILINESTRING                                                             |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| MULTIPOLYGON                                                                |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| GEOMETRYCOLLECTION                                                          |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| GEOMETRY                                                                    |\n+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nNote: For clarity, only one type is listed per table in the examples below,\nbut a table row can contain multiple types. For example:\n\nCREATE TABLE object (shapeA POLYGON, shapeB LINESTRING);\n\nPOINT\n-----\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_point  (g POINT);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_point;\nINSERT INTO gis_point VALUES\n  (PointFromText(\'POINT(10 10)\')),\n  (PointFromText(\'POINT(20 10)\')),\n  (PointFromText(\'POINT(20 20)\')),\n  (PointFromWKB(AsWKB(PointFromText(\'POINT(10 20)\'))));\n\nLINESTRING\n----------\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_line  (g LINESTRING);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_line;\nINSERT INTO gis_line VALUES\n  (LineFromText(\'LINESTRING(0 0,0 10,10 0)\')),\n  (LineStringFromText(\'LINESTRING(10 10,20 10,20 20,10 20,10 10)\')),\n  (LineStringFromWKB(AsWKB(LineString(Point(10, 10), Point(40, 10)))));\n\nPOLYGON\n-------\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_polygon   (g POLYGON);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_polygon;\nINSERT INTO gis_polygon VALUES\n  (PolygonFromText(\'POLYGON((10 10,20 10,20 20,10 20,10 10))\')),\n  (PolyFromText(\'POLYGON((0 0,50 0,50 50,0 50,0 0), (10 10,20 10,20 20,10\n20,10 10))\')),\n  (PolyFromWKB(AsWKB(Polygon(LineString(Point(0, 0), Point(30, 0), Point(30,\n30), Point(0, 0))))));\n\nMULTIPOINT\n----------\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_multi_point (g MULTIPOINT);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_multi_point;\nINSERT INTO gis_multi_point VALUES\n  (MultiPointFromText(\'MULTIPOINT(0 0,10 10,10 20,20 20)\')),\n  (MPointFromText(\'MULTIPOINT(1 1,11 11,11 21,21 21)\')),\n  (MPointFromWKB(AsWKB(MultiPoint(Point(3, 6), Point(4, 10)))));\n\nMULTILINESTRING\n---------------\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_multi_line (g MULTILINESTRING);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_multi_line;\nINSERT INTO gis_multi_line VALUES\n  (MultiLineStringFromText(\'MULTILINESTRING((10 48,10 21,10 0),(16 0,16\n23,16 48))\')),\n  (MLineFromText(\'MULTILINESTRING((10 48,10 21,10 0))\')),\n  (MLineFromWKB(AsWKB(MultiLineString(LineString(Point(1, 2), Point(3, 5)),\nLineString(Point(2, 5), Point(5, 8), Point(21, 7))))));\n\nMULTIPOLYGON\n------------\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_multi_polygon  (g MULTIPOLYGON);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_multi_polygon;\nINSERT INTO gis_multi_polygon VALUES\n  (MultiPolygonFromText(\'MULTIPOLYGON(((28 26,28 0,84 0,84 42,28 26),(52\n18,66 23,73 9,48 6,52 18)),((59 18,67 18,67 13,59 13,59 18)))\')),\n  (MPolyFromText(\'MULTIPOLYGON(((28 26,28 0,84 0,84 42,28 26),(52 18,66\n23,73 9,48 6,52 18)),((59 18,67 18,67 13,59 13,59 18)))\')),\n  (MPolyFromWKB(AsWKB(MultiPolygon(Polygon(LineString(Point(0, 3), Point(3,\n3), Point(3, 0), Point(0, 3)))))));\n\nGEOMETRYCOLLECTION\n------------------\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_geometrycollection  (g GEOMETRYCOLLECTION);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_geometrycollection;\nINSERT INTO gis_geometrycollection VALUES\n  (GeomCollFromText(\'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(0 0), LINESTRING(0 0,10\n10))\')),\n  (GeometryFromWKB(AsWKB(GeometryCollection(Point(44, 6),\nLineString(Point(3, 6), Point(7, 9)))))),\n  (GeomFromText(\'GeometryCollection()\')),\n  (GeomFromText(\'GeometryCollection EMPTY\'));\n\nGEOMETRY\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE gis_geometry (g GEOMETRY);\nSHOW FIELDS FROM gis_geometry;\nINSERT into gis_geometry SELECT * FROM gis_point;\nINSERT into gis_geometry SELECT * FROM gis_line;\nINSERT into gis_geometry SELECT * FROM gis_polygon;\nINSERT into gis_geometry SELECT * FROM gis_multi_point;\nINSERT into gis_geometry SELECT * FROM gis_multi_line;\nINSERT into gis_geometry SELECT * FROM gis_multi_polygon;\nINSERT into gis_geometry SELECT * FROM gis_geometrycollection;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/geometry-types/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/geometry-types/'),
(602,'Geometry Hierarchy',34,'Description\n-----------\n\nGeometry is the base class. It is an abstract class. The instantiable\nsubclasses of Geometry are restricted to zero-, one-, and two-dimensional\ngeometric objects that exist in two-dimensional coordinate space. All\ninstantiable geometry classes are defined so that valid instances of a\ngeometry class are topologically closed (that is, all defined geometries\ninclude their boundary).\n\nThe base Geometry class has subclasses for Point, Curve, Surface, and\nGeometryCollection:\n\n* Point represents zero-dimensional objects.\n* Curve represents one-dimensional objects, and has subclass LineString, with\nsub-subclasses Line and LinearRing.\n* Surface is designed for two-dimensional objects and has subclass Polygon.\n* GeometryCollection has specialized zero-, one-, and two-dimensional\ncollection classes named MultiPoint, MultiLineString, and MultiPolygon for\nmodeling geometries corresponding to collections of Points, LineStrings, and\nPolygons, respectively. MultiCurve and MultiSurface are introduced as abstract\nsuperclasses that generalize the collection interfaces to handle Curves and\nSurfaces.\n\nGeometry, Curve, Surface, MultiCurve, and MultiSurface are defined as\nnon-instantiable classes. They define a common set of methods for their\nsubclasses and are included for extensibility.\n\nPoint, LineString, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiLineString,\nand MultiPolygon are instantiable classes.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/geometry-hierarchy/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/geometry-hierarchy/'),
(603,'SPATIAL INDEX',34,'Description\n-----------\n\nOn MyISAM, Aria and InnoDB tables, MariaDB can create spatial indexes (an\nR-tree index) using syntax similar to that for creating regular indexes, but\nextended with the SPATIAL keyword. Currently, columns in spatial indexes must\nbe declared NOT NULL.\n\nSpatial indexes can be created when the table is created, or added after the\nfact like so:\n\n* with CREATE TABLE: CREATE TABLE geom (g GEOMETRY NOT NULL, SPATIAL INDEX(g));\n\n* with ALTER TABLE: ALTER TABLE geom ADD SPATIAL INDEX(g);\n\n* with CREATE INDEX: CREATE SPATIAL INDEX sp_index ON geom (g);\n\nSPATIAL INDEX creates an R-tree index. For storage engines that support\nnon-spatial indexing of spatial columns, the engine creates a B-tree index. A\nB-tree index on spatial values is useful for exact-value lookups, but not for\nrange scans.\n\nFor more information on indexing spatial columns, see CREATE INDEX.\n\nTo drop spatial indexes, use ALTER TABLE or DROP INDEX:\n\n* with ALTER TABLE: ALTER TABLE geom DROP INDEX g;\n\n* with DROP INDEX: DROP INDEX sp_index ON geom;\n\nData-at-Rest Encyption\n----------------------\n\nBefore MariaDB 10.4.3, InnoDB\'s spatial indexes could not be encrypted. If an\nInnoDB table was encrypted and if it contained spatial indexes, then those\nindexes would be unencrypted.\n\nIn MariaDB 10.4.3 and later, if innodb_checksum_algorithm is set to full_crc32\nor strict_full_crc32, and if the table does not use ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED,\nthen InnoDB spatial indexes will be encrypted if the table is encrypted.\n\nSee MDEV-12026 for more information.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/spatial-index/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/spatial-index/'),
(615,'ST_BOUNDARY',35,'MariaDB starting with 10.1.2\n----------------------------\nThe ST_BOUNDARY function was introduced in MariaDB 10.1.2\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nST_BOUNDARY(g)\nBOUNDARY(g)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a geometry that is the closure of the combinatorial boundary of the\ngeometry value g.\n\nBOUNDARY() is a synonym.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT ST_AsText(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText(\'LINESTRING(3 3,0 0, -3 3)\')));\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ST_AsText(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText(\'LINESTRING(3 3,0 0, -3 3)\'))) |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| MULTIPOINT(3 3,-3 3)                                                 |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT ST_AsText(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText(\'POLYGON((3 3,0 0, -3 3, 3\n3))\')));\n+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ST_AsText(ST_Boundary(ST_GeomFromText(\'POLYGON((3 3,0 0, -3 3, 3 3))\'))) |\n+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| LINESTRING(3 3,0 0,-3 3,3 3)                                             |\n+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_boundary/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_boundary/'),
(616,'ST_DIMENSION',35,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_Dimension(g)\nDimension(g)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the inherent dimension of the geometry value g. The result can be\n\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| Dimension                          | Definition                            |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| -1                                 | empty geometry                        |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| 0                                  | geometry with no length or area       |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| 1                                  | geometry with no area but nonzero     |\n|                                    | length                                |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| 2                                  | geometry with nonzero area            |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n\nST_Dimension() and Dimension() are synonyms.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT Dimension(GeomFromText(\'LineString(1 1,2 2)\'));\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| Dimension(GeomFromText(\'LineString(1 1,2 2)\')) |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n|                                              1 |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_dimension/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_dimension/'),
(617,'ST_ENVELOPE',35,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_ENVELOPE(g)\nENVELOPE(g)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the Minimum Bounding Rectangle (MBR) for the geometry value g. The\nresult is returned as a Polygon value.\n\nThe polygon is defined by the corner points of the bounding box:\n\nPOLYGON((MINX MINY, MAXX MINY, MAXX MAXY, MINX MAXY, MINX MINY))\n\nST_ENVELOPE() and ENVELOPE() are synonyms.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT AsText(ST_ENVELOPE(GeomFromText(\'LineString(1 1,4 4)\')));\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n| AsText(ST_ENVELOPE(GeomFromText(\'LineString(1 1,4 4)\'))) |\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n| POLYGON((1 1,4 1,4 4,1 4,1 1))                           |\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_envelope/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_envelope/'),
(620,'ST_ISCLOSED',35,'Syntax\n------\n\nST_IsClosed(g)\nIsClosed(g)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns 1 if a given LINESTRING\'s start and end points are the same, or 0 if\nthey are not the same. Before MariaDB 10.1.5, returns NULL if not given a\nLINESTRING. After MariaDB 10.1.5, returns -1.\n\nST_IsClosed() and IsClosed() are synonyms.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @ls = \'LineString(0 0, 0 4, 4 4, 0 0)\';\nSELECT ST_ISCLOSED(GEOMFROMTEXT(@ls));\n+--------------------------------+\n| ST_ISCLOSED(GEOMFROMTEXT(@ls)) |\n+--------------------------------+\n|                              1 |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nSET @ls = \'LineString(0 0, 0 4, 4 4, 0 1)\';\nSELECT ST_ISCLOSED(GEOMFROMTEXT(@ls));\n+--------------------------------+\n| ST_ISCLOSED(GEOMFROMTEXT(@ls)) |\n+--------------------------------+\n|                              0 |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_isclosed/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_isclosed/'),
(627,'LOAD_FILE',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nLOAD_FILE(file_name)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReads the file and returns the file contents as a string. To use this\nfunction, the file must be located on the server host, you must specify the\nfull path name to the file, and you must have the FILE privilege. The file\nmust be readable by all and it must be less than the size, in bytes, of the\nmax_allowed_packet system variable. If the secure_file_priv system variable is\nset to a non-empty directory name, the file to be loaded must be located in\nthat directory.\n\nIf the file does not exist or cannot be read because one of the preceding\nconditions is not satisfied, the function returns NULL.\n\nSince MariaDB 5.1, the character_set_filesystem system variable has controlled\ninterpretation of file names that are given as literal strings.\n\nStatements using the LOAD_FILE() function are not safe for statement based\nreplication. This is because the slave will execute the LOAD_FILE() command\nitself. If the file doesn\'t exist on the slave, the function will return NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nUPDATE t SET blob_col=LOAD_FILE(\'/tmp/picture\') WHERE id=1;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/load_file/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/load_file/'),
(630,'REGEXP_INSTR',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nREGEXP_INSTR(subject, pattern)\n\nReturns the position of the first occurrence of the regular expression pattern\nin the string subject, or 0 if pattern was not found.\n\nThe positions start with 1 and are measured in characters (i.e. not in bytes),\nwhich is important for multi-byte character sets. You can cast a multi-byte\ncharacter set to BINARY to get offsets in bytes.\n\nThe function follows the case sensitivity rules of the effective collation.\nMatching is performed case insensitively for case insensitive collations, and\ncase sensitively for case sensitive collations and for binary data.\n\nThe collation case sensitivity can be overwritten using the (?i) and (?-i)\nPCRE flags.\n\nMariaDB uses the PCRE regular expression library for enhanced regular\nexpression performance, and REGEXP_INSTR was introduced as part of this\nenhancement.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(\'abc\',\'b\');\n-> 2\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(\'abc\',\'x\');\n-> 0\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(\'BJÖRN\',\'N\');\n-> 5\n\nCasting a multi-byte character set as BINARY to get offsets in bytes:\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(BINARY \'BJÖRN\',\'N\') AS cast_utf8_to_binary;\n-> 6\n\nCase sensitivity:\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(\'ABC\',\'b\');\n-> 2\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(\'ABC\' COLLATE utf8_bin,\'b\');\n-> 0\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(BINARY\'ABC\',\'b\');\n-> 0\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(\'ABC\',\'(?-i)b\');\n-> 0\n\nSELECT REGEXP_INSTR(\'ABC\' COLLATE utf8_bin,\'(?i)b\');\n-> 2\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp_instr/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp_instr/'),
(631,'REGEXP_REPLACE',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nREGEXP_REPLACE(subject, pattern, replace)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nREGEXP_REPLACE returns the string subject with all occurrences of the regular\nexpression pattern replaced by the string replace. If no occurrences are\nfound, then subject is returned as is.\n\nThe replace string can have backreferences to the subexpressions in the form\n\\N, where N is a number from 1 to 9.\n\nThe function follows the case sensitivity rules of the effective collation.\nMatching is performed case insensitively for case insensitive collations, and\ncase sensitively for case sensitive collations and for binary data.\n\nThe collation case sensitivity can be overwritten using the (?i) and (?-i)\nPCRE flags.\n\nMariaDB uses the PCRE regular expression library for enhanced regular\nexpression performance, and REGEXP_REPLACE was introduced as part of this\nenhancement.\n\nThe default_regex_flags variable addresses the remaining compatibilities\nbetween PCRE and the old regex library.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(\'ab12cd\',\'[0-9]\',\'\') AS remove_digits;\n-> abcd\n\nSELECT\nREGEXP_REPLACE(\'<html><head><title>title</title><body>body</body></htm>\',\n\'<.+?>\',\' \')\nAS strip_html;\n-> title  body\n\nBackreferences to the subexpressions in the form \\N, where N is a number from\n1 to 9:\n\nSELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(\'James Bond\',\'^(.*) (.*)$\',\'\\\\2, \\\\1\') AS reorder_name;\n-> Bond, James\n\nCase insensitive and case sensitive matches:\n\nSELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(\'ABC\',\'b\',\'-\') AS case_insensitive;\n-> A-C\n\nSELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(\'ABC\' COLLATE utf8_bin,\'b\',\'-\') AS case_sensitive;\n-> ABC\n\nSELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(BINARY \'ABC\',\'b\',\'-\') AS binary_data;\n-> ABC\n\nOverwriting the collation case sensitivity using the (?i) and (?-i) PCRE flags.\n\nSELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(\'ABC\',\'(?-i)b\',\'-\') AS force_case_sensitive;\n-> ABC\n\nSELECT REGEXP_REPLACE(BINARY \'ABC\',\'(?i)b\',\'-\') AS force_case_insensitive;\n-> A-C\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp_replace/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp_replace/'),
(629,'REGEXP',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nexpr REGEXP pat, expr RLIKE pat\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nPerforms a pattern match of a string expression expr against a pattern pat.\nThe pattern can be an extended regular expression. See Regular Expressions\nOverview for details on the syntax for regular expressions (see also PCRE\nRegular Expressions).\n\nReturns 1 if expr matches pat or 0 if it doesn\'t match. If either expr or pat\nare NULL, the result is NULL.\n\nThe negative form NOT REGEXP also exists, as an alias for NOT (string REGEXP\npattern). RLIKE and NOT RLIKE are synonyms for REGEXP and NOT REGEXP,\noriginally provided for mSQL compatibility.\n\nThe pattern need not be a literal string. For example, it can be specified as\na string expression or table column.\n\nNote: Because MariaDB uses the C escape syntax in strings (for example, \"\\n\"\nto represent the newline character), you must double any \"\\\" that you use in\nyour REGEXP strings.\n\nREGEXP is not case sensitive, except when used with binary strings.\n\nMariaDB 10.0.5 moved to the PCRE regex library - see PCRE Regular Expressions\nfor enhancements to REGEXP introduced in MariaDB 10.0.5.\n\nThe default_regex_flags variable addresses the remaining compatibilities\nbetween PCRE and the old regex library.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT \'Monty!\' REGEXP \'m%y%%\';\n+-------------------------+\n| \'Monty!\' REGEXP \'m%y%%\' |\n+-------------------------+\n|                       0 |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT \'Monty!\' REGEXP \'.*\';\n+----------------------+\n| \'Monty!\' REGEXP \'.*\' |\n+----------------------+\n|                    1 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT \'new*\\n*line\' REGEXP \'new\\\\*.\\\\*line\';\n+---------------------------------------+\n| \'new*\\n*line\' REGEXP \'new\\\\*.\\\\*line\' |\n+---------------------------------------+\n|                                     1 |\n+---------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT \'a\' REGEXP \'A\', \'a\' REGEXP BINARY \'A\';\n+----------------+-----------------------+\n| \'a\' REGEXP \'A\' | \'a\' REGEXP BINARY \'A\' |\n+----------------+-----------------------+\n|              1 |                     0 |\n+----------------+-----------------------+\n\nSELECT \'a\' REGEXP \'^[a-d]\';\n+---------------------+\n| \'a\' REGEXP \'^[a-d]\' |\n+---------------------+\n|                   1 |\n+---------------------+\n\ndefault_regex_flags examples\n----------------------------\n\nMariaDB 10.0.11 introduced the default_regex_flags variable to address the\nremaining compatibilities between PCRE and the old regex library.\n\nThe default behaviour (multiline match is off)\n\nSELECT \'a\\nb\\nc\' RLIKE \'^b$\';\n+---------------------------+\n| \'(?m)a\\nb\\nc\' RLIKE \'^b$\' |\n+---------------------------+\n|                         0 |\n+---------------------------+\n\nEnabling the multiline option using the PCRE option syntax:\n\nSELECT \'a\\nb\\nc\' RLIKE \'(?m)^b$\';\n+---------------------------+\n| \'a\\nb\\nc\' RLIKE \'(?m)^b$\' |\n+---------------------------+\n|                         1 |\n+---------------------------+\n\nEnabling the multiline option using default_regex_flags\n\nSET default_regex_flags=\'MULTILINE\';\nSELECT \'a\\nb\\nc\' RLIKE \'^b$\';\n+-----------------------+\n| \'a\\nb\\nc\' RLIKE \'^b$\' |\n+-----------------------+\n|                     1 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp/'),
(632,'REGEXP_SUBSTR',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nREGEXP_SUBSTR(subject,pattern)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the part of the string subject that matches the regular expression\npattern, or an empty string if pattern was not found.\n\nThe function follows the case sensitivity rules of the effective collation.\nMatching is performed case insensitively for case insensitive collations, and\ncase sensitively for case sensitive collations and for binary data.\n\nThe collation case sensitivity can be overwritten using the (?i) and (?-i)\nPCRE flags.\n\nMariaDB uses the PCRE regular expression library for enhanced regular\nexpression performance, and REGEXP_SUBSTR was introduced as part of this\nenhancement.\n\nThe default_regex_flags variable addresses the remaining compatibilities\nbetween PCRE and the old regex library.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(\'ab12cd\',\'[0-9]+\');\n-> 12\n\nSELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(\n \'See https://mariadb.org/en/foundation/ for details\',\n \'https?://[^/]*\');\n-> https://mariadb.org\n\nSELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(\'ABC\',\'b\');\n-> B\n\nSELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(\'ABC\' COLLATE utf8_bin,\'b\');\n->\n\nSELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(BINARY\'ABC\',\'b\');\n->\n\nSELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(\'ABC\',\'(?i)b\');\n-> B\n\nSELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(\'ABC\' COLLATE utf8_bin,\'(?+i)b\');\n-> B\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp_substr/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/regexp_substr/'),
(635,'BINARY Operator',36,'This page describes the BINARY operator. For details about the data type, see\nBinary Data Type.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nBINARY\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe BINARY operator casts the string following it to a binary string. This is\nan easy way to force a column comparison to be done byte by byte rather than\ncharacter by character. This causes the comparison to be case sensitive even\nif the column isn\'t defined as BINARY or BLOB.\n\nBINARY also causes trailing spaces to be significant.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT \'a\' = \'A\';\n+-----------+\n| \'a\' = \'A\' |\n+-----------+\n|         1 |\n+-----------+\n\nSELECT BINARY \'a\' = \'A\';\n+------------------+\n| BINARY \'a\' = \'A\' |\n+------------------+\n|                0 |\n+------------------+\n\nSELECT \'a\' = \'a \';\n+------------+\n| \'a\' = \'a \' |\n+------------+\n|          1 |\n+------------+\n\nSELECT BINARY \'a\' = \'a \';\n+-------------------+\n| BINARY \'a\' = \'a \' |\n+-------------------+\n|                 0 |\n+-------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/binary-operator/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/binary-operator/'),
(637,'CAST',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nCAST(expr AS type)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe CAST() function takes a value of one type and produces a value of another\ntype, similar to the CONVERT() function.\n\nThe type can be one of the following values:\n\n* BINARY\n* CHAR\n* DATE\n* DATETIME\n* DECIMAL[(M[,D])]\n* DOUBLE\n* FLOAT (from MariaDB 10.4.5)\n* INTEGER\nShort for SIGNED INTEGER\n\n* SIGNED [INTEGER]\n* UNSIGNED [INTEGER]\n* TIME\n* VARCHAR (in Oracle mode, from MariaDB 10.3)\n\nThe main difference between CAST and CONVERT() is that CONVERT(expr,type) is\nODBC syntax while CAST(expr as type) and CONVERT(... USING ...) are SQL92\nsyntax.\n\nIn MariaDB 10.4 and later, you can use the CAST() function with the INTERVAL\nkeyword.\n\nUntil MariaDB 5.5.31, X\'HHHH\', the standard SQL syntax for binary string\nliterals, erroneously worked in the same way as 0xHHHH. In 5.5.31 it was\nintentionally changed to behave as a string in all contexts (and never as a\nnumber).\n\nThis introduced an incompatibility with previous versions of MariaDB, and all\nversions of MySQL (see the example below).\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSimple casts:\n\nSELECT CAST(\"abc\" AS BINARY);\nSELECT CAST(\"1\" AS UNSIGNED INTEGER);\nSELECT CAST(123 AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8)\n\nNote that when one casts to CHAR without specifying the character set, the\ncollation_connection character set collation will be used. When used with CHAR\nCHARACTER SET, the default collation for that character set will be used.\n\nSELECT COLLATION(CAST(123 AS CHAR));\n+------------------------------+\n| COLLATION(CAST(123 AS CHAR)) |\n+------------------------------+\n| latin1_swedish_ci            |\n+------------------------------+\n\nSELECT COLLATION(CAST(123 AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8));\n+-------------------------------------------------+\n| COLLATION(CAST(123 AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8)) |\n+-------------------------------------------------+\n| utf8_general_ci                                 |\n+-------------------------------------------------+\n\nIf you also want to change the collation, you have to use the COLLATE operator:\n\nSELECT COLLATION(CAST(123 AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8) \n COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci);\n+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| COLLATION(CAST(123 AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci) |\n+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| utf8_unicode_ci                                                         |\n+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nUsing CAST() to order an ENUM field as a CHAR rather than the internal\nnumerical value:\n\nCREATE TABLE enum_list (enum_field enum(\'c\',\'a\',\'b\'));\n\nINSERT INTO enum_list (enum_field) \nVALUES(\'c\'),(\'a\'),(\'c\'),(\'b\');\n\nSELECT * FROM enum_list \nORDER BY enum_field;\n+------------+\n| enum_field |\n+------------+\n| c          |\n| c          |\n| a          |\n| b          |\n+------------+\n\nSELECT * FROM enum_list \nORDER BY CAST(enum_field AS CHAR);\n+------------+\n| enum_field |\n+------------+\n| a          |\n| b          |\n| c          |\n| c          |\n+------------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 5.5.31, the following will trigger warnings, since x\'aa\' and\n\'X\'aa\' no longer behave as a number. Previously, and in all versions of MySQL,\nno warnings are triggered since they did erroneously behave as a number:\n\nSELECT CAST(0xAA AS UNSIGNED), CAST(x\'aa\' AS UNSIGNED), CAST(X\'aa\' AS\nUNSIGNED);\n+------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+\n| CAST(0xAA AS UNSIGNED) | CAST(x\'aa\' AS UNSIGNED) | CAST(X\'aa\' AS UNSIGNED) |\n+------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+\n|                    170 |                       0 |                       0 |\n+------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+\n1 row in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)\n\nWarning (Code 1292): Truncated incorrect INTEGER value: \'\\xAA\'\nWarning (Code 1292): Truncated incorrect INTEGER value: \'\\xAA\'\n\nCasting to intervals:\n\nSELECT CAST(2019-01-04 INTERVAL AS DAY_SECOND(2)) AS \"Cast\";\n\n+-------------+\n| Cast        |\n+-------------+\n| 00:20:17.00 |\n+-------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/cast/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/cast/'),
(638,'CHAR Function',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nCHAR(N,... [USING charset_name])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nCHAR() interprets each argument as an INT and returns a string consisting of\nthe characters given by the code values of those integers. NULL values are\nskipped. By default, CHAR() returns a binary string. To produce a string in a\ngiven character set, use the optional USING clause:\n\nSELECT CHARSET(CHAR(0x65)), CHARSET(CHAR(0x65 USING utf8));\n+---------------------+--------------------------------+\n| CHARSET(CHAR(0x65)) | CHARSET(CHAR(0x65 USING utf8)) |\n+---------------------+--------------------------------+\n| binary              | utf8                           |\n+---------------------+--------------------------------+\n\nIf USING is given and the result string is illegal for the given character\nset, a warning is issued. Also, if strict SQL mode is enabled, the result from\nCHAR() becomes NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT CHAR(77,97,114,\'105\',97,\'68\',66);\n+----------------------------------+\n| CHAR(77,97,114,\'105\',97,\'68\',66) |\n+----------------------------------+\n| MariaDB                          |\n+----------------------------------+\n\nSELECT CHAR(77,77.3,\'77.3\');\n+----------------------+\n| CHAR(77,77.3,\'77.3\') |\n+----------------------+\n| MMM                  |\n+----------------------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nWarning (Code 1292): Truncated incorrect INTEGER value: \'77.3\'\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/char-function/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/char-function/'),
(639,'CHAR_LENGTH',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nCHAR_LENGTH(str)\nCHARACTER_LENGTH(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the length of the given string argument, measured in characters. A\nmulti-byte character counts as a single character. This means that for a\nstring containing five two-byte characters, LENGTH() (or OCTET_LENGTH() in\nOracle mode) returns 10, whereas CHAR_LENGTH() returns 5. If the argument is\nNULL, it returns NULL.\n\nIf the argument is not a string value, it is converted into a string.\n\nIt is synonymous with the CHARACTER_LENGTH() function.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'MariaDB\');\n+------------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'MariaDB\') |\n+------------------------+\n|                      7 |\n+------------------------+\n\nWhen Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3 is not set:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            2 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nIn Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            1 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/char_length/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/char_length/'),
(640,'CHR',36,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.1\n----------------------------\nThe CHR() function was introduced in MariaDB 10.3.1 to provide Oracle\ncompatibility\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nCHR(N)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nCHR() interprets each argument N as an integer and returns a VARCHAR(1) string\nconsisting of the character given by the code values of the integer. The\ncharacter set and collation of the string are set according to the values of\nthe character_set_database and collation_database system variables.\n\nCHR() is similar to the CHAR() function, but only accepts a single argument.\n\nCHR() is available in all sql_modes.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT CHR(67);\n+---------+\n| CHR(67) |\n+---------+\n| C       |\n+---------+\n\nSELECT CHR(\'67\');\n+-----------+\n| CHR(\'67\') |\n+-----------+\n| C         |\n+-----------+\n\nSELECT CHR(\'C\');\n+----------+\n| CHR(\'C\') |\n+----------+\n|          |\n+----------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.000 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------+\n| Level   | Code | Message                                |\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------+\n| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect INTEGER value: \'C\' |\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/chr/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/chr/'),
(641,'CONCAT',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nCONCAT(str1,str2,...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string that results from concatenating the arguments. May have one\nor more arguments. If all arguments are non-binary strings, the result is a\nnon-binary string. If the arguments include any binary strings, the result is\na binary string. A numeric argument is converted to its equivalent binary\nstring form; if you want to avoid that, you can use an explicit type cast, as\nin this example:\n\nSELECT CONCAT(CAST(int_col AS CHAR), char_col);\n\nCONCAT() returns NULL if any argument is NULL.\n\nA NULL parameter hides all information contained in other parameters from the\nresult. Sometimes this is not desirable; to avoid this, you can:\n\n* Use the CONCAT_WS() function with an empty separator, because that function\nis NULL-safe.\n* Use IFNULL() to turn NULLs into empty strings.\n\nOracle Mode\n-----------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.3\n--------------------------\nIn Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3, CONCAT ignores NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT CONCAT(\'Ma\', \'ria\', \'DB\');\n+---------------------------+\n| CONCAT(\'Ma\', \'ria\', \'DB\') |\n+---------------------------+\n| MariaDB                   |\n+---------------------------+\n\nSELECT CONCAT(\'Ma\', \'ria\', NULL, \'DB\');\n+---------------------------------+\n| CONCAT(\'Ma\', \'ria\', NULL, \'DB\') |\n+---------------------------------+\n| NULL                            |\n+---------------------------------+\n\nSELECT CONCAT(42.0);\n+--------------+\n| CONCAT(42.0) |\n+--------------+\n| 42.0         |\n+--------------+\n\nUsing IFNULL() to handle NULLs:\n\nSELECT CONCAT(\'The value of @v is: \', IFNULL(@v, \'\'));\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| CONCAT(\'The value of @v is: \', IFNULL(@v, \'\')) |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| The value of @v is:                            |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n\nIn Oracle mode, from MariaDB 10.3:\n\nSELECT CONCAT(\'Ma\', \'ria\', NULL, \'DB\');\n+---------------------------------+\n| CONCAT(\'Ma\', \'ria\', NULL, \'DB\') |\n+---------------------------------+\n| MariaDB                         |\n+---------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/concat/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/concat/'),
(642,'CONCAT_WS',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nCONCAT_WS(separator,str1,str2,...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nCONCAT_WS() stands for Concatenate With Separator and is a special form of\nCONCAT(). The first argument is the separator for the rest of the arguments.\nThe separator is added between the strings to be concatenated. The separator\ncan be a string, as can the rest of the arguments.\n\nIf the separator is NULL, the result is NULL; all other NULL values are\nskipped. This makes CONCAT_WS() suitable when you want to concatenate some\nvalues and avoid losing all information if one of them is NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT CONCAT_WS(\',\',\'First name\',\'Second name\',\'Last Name\');\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| CONCAT_WS(\',\',\'First name\',\'Second name\',\'Last Name\') |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| First name,Second name,Last Name                      |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT CONCAT_WS(\'-\',\'Floor\',NULL,\'Room\');\n+------------------------------------+\n| CONCAT_WS(\'-\',\'Floor\',NULL,\'Room\') |\n+------------------------------------+\n| Floor-Room                         |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nIn some cases, remember to include a space in the separator string:\n\nSET @a = \'gnu\', @b = \'penguin\', @c = \'sea lion\';\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)\n\nSELECT CONCAT_WS(\', \', @a, @b, @c);\n+-----------------------------+\n| CONCAT_WS(\', \', @a, @b, @c) |\n+-----------------------------+\n| gnu, penguin, sea lion      |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nUsing CONCAT_WS() to handle NULLs:\n\nSET @a = \'a\', @b = NULL, @c = \'c\';\n\nSELECT CONCAT_WS(\'\', @a, @b, @c);\n+---------------------------+\n| CONCAT_WS(\'\', @a, @b, @c) |\n+---------------------------+\n| ac                        |\n+---------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/concat_ws/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/concat_ws/'),
(643,'CONVERT',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nCONVERT(expr,type), CONVERT(expr USING transcoding_name)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe	CONVERT() and CAST() functions take a value of one type and produce a\nvalue of another type.\n\nThe type can be one of the following values:\n\n* BINARY\n* CHAR\n* DATE\n* DATETIME\n* DECIMAL[(M[,D])]\n* DOUBLE\n* FLOAT (from MariaDB 10.4.5)\n* INTEGER\nShort for SIGNED INTEGER\n\n* SIGNED [INTEGER]\n* UNSIGNED [INTEGER]\n* TIME\n* VARCHAR (in Oracle mode, from MariaDB 10.3)\n\nNote that in MariaDB, INT and INTEGER are the same thing.\n\nBINARY produces a string with the BINARY data type. If the optional length is\ngiven, BINARY(N) causes the cast to use no more than N bytes of the argument.\nValues shorter than the given number in bytes are padded with 0x00 bytes to\nmake them equal the length value.\n\nCHAR(N) causes the cast to use no more than the number of characters given in\nthe argument.\n\nThe main difference between the CAST() and CONVERT() is that\nCONVERT(expr,type) is ODBC syntax while CAST(expr as type) and CONVERT(...\nUSING ...) are SQL92 syntax.\n\nCONVERT() with USING is used to convert data between different character sets.\nIn MariaDB, transcoding names are the same as the corresponding character set\nnames. For example, this statement converts the string \'abc\' in the default\ncharacter set to the corresponding string in the utf8 character set:\n\nSELECT CONVERT(\'abc\' USING utf8);\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT enum_col FROM tbl_name \nORDER BY CAST(enum_col AS CHAR);\n\nConverting a BINARY to string to permit the LOWER function to work:\n\nSET @x = \'AardVark\';\n\nSET @x = BINARY \'AardVark\';\n\nSELECT LOWER(@x), LOWER(CONVERT (@x USING latin1));\n+-----------+----------------------------------+\n| LOWER(@x) | LOWER(CONVERT (@x USING latin1)) |\n+-----------+----------------------------------+\n| AardVark  | aardvark                         |\n+-----------+----------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/convert/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/convert/'),
(644,'ELT',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nELT(N, str1[, str2, str3,...])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nTakes a numeric argument and a series of string arguments. Returns the string\nthat corresponds to the given numeric position. For instance, it returns str1\nif N is 1, str2 if N is 2, and so on. If the numeric argument is a FLOAT,\nMariaDB rounds it to the nearest INTEGER. If the numeric argument is less than\n1, greater than the total number of arguments, or not a number, ELT() returns\nNULL. It must have at least two arguments.\n\nIt is complementary to the FIELD() function.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT ELT(1, \'ej\', \'Heja\', \'hej\', \'foo\');\n+------------------------------------+\n| ELT(1, \'ej\', \'Heja\', \'hej\', \'foo\') |\n+------------------------------------+\n| ej                                 |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT ELT(4, \'ej\', \'Heja\', \'hej\', \'foo\');\n+------------------------------------+\n| ELT(4, \'ej\', \'Heja\', \'hej\', \'foo\') |\n+------------------------------------+\n| foo                                |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/elt/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/elt/'),
(645,'EXPORT_SET',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nEXPORT_SET(bits, on, off[, separator[, number_of_bits]])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nTakes a minimum of three arguments. Returns a string where each bit in the\ngiven bits argument is returned, with the string values given for on and off.\n\nBits are examined from right to left, (from low-order to high-order bits).\nStrings are added to the result from left to right, separated by a separator\nstring (defaults as \',\'). You can optionally limit the number of bits the\nEXPORT_SET() function examines using the number_of_bits option.\n\nIf any of the arguments are set as NULL, the function returns NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT EXPORT_SET(5,\'Y\',\'N\',\',\',4);\n+-----------------------------+\n| EXPORT_SET(5,\'Y\',\'N\',\',\',4) |\n+-----------------------------+\n| Y,N,Y,N                     |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nSELECT EXPORT_SET(6,\'1\',\'0\',\',\',10);\n+------------------------------+\n| EXPORT_SET(6,\'1\',\'0\',\',\',10) |\n+------------------------------+\n| 0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0          |\n+------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/export_set/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/export_set/'),
(646,'EXTRACTVALUE',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nEXTRACTVALUE(xml_frag, xpath_expr)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe EXTRACTVALUE() function takes two string arguments: a fragment of XML\nmarkup and an XPath expression, (also known as a locator). It returns the text\n(That is, CDDATA), of the first text node which is a child of the element or\nelements matching the XPath expression.\n\nIn cases where a valid XPath expression does not match any text nodes in a\nvalid XML fragment, (including the implicit /text() expression), the\nEXTRACTVALUE() function returns an empty string.\n\nInvalid Arguments\n-----------------\n\nWhen either the XML fragment or the XPath expression is NULL, the\nEXTRACTVALUE() function returns NULL. When the XML fragment is invalid, it\nraises a warning Code 1525:\n\nWarning (Code 1525): Incorrect XML value: \'parse error at line 1 pos 11:\nunexpected END-OF-INPUT\'\n\nWhen the XPath value is invalid, it generates an Error 1105:\n\nERROR 1105 (HY000): XPATH syntax error: \')\'\n\nExplicit text() Expressions\n---------------------------\n\nThis function is the equivalent of performing a match using the XPath\nexpression after appending /text(). In other words:\n\nSELECT\n EXTRACTVALUE(\'<cases><case>example</case></cases>\', \'/cases/case\')\n  AS \'Base Example\',\n EXTRACTVALUE(\'<cases><case>example</case></cases>\', \'/cases/case/text()\')\n  AS \'text() Example\';\n+--------------+----------------+\n| Base Example | text() Example |\n+--------------+----------------+\n| example      | example        |\n+--------------+----------------+\n\nCount Matches\n-------------\n\nWhen EXTRACTVALUE() returns multiple matches, it returns the content of the\nfirst child text node of each matching element, in the matched order, as a\nsingle, space-delimited string.\n\nBy design, the EXTRACTVALUE() function makes no distinction between a match on\nan empty element and no match at all. If you need to determine whether no\nmatching element was found in the XML fragment or if an element was found that\ncontained no child text nodes, use the XPath count() function.\n\nFor instance, when looking for a value that exists, but contains no child text\nnodes, you would get a count of the number of matching instances:\n\nSELECT\n EXTRACTVALUE(\'<cases><case/></cases>\', \'/cases/case\')\n  AS \'Empty Example\',\n EXTRACTVALUE(\'<cases><case/></cases>\', \'count(/cases/case)\')\n  AS \'count() Example\';\n+---------------+-----------------+\n| Empty Example | count() Example |\n+---------------+-----------------+\n|               |               1 |\n+---------------+-----------------+\n\nAlternatively, when looking for a value that doesn\'t exist, count() returns 0.\n\nSELECT\n EXTRACTVALUE(\'<cases><case/></cases>\', \'/cases/person\')\n  AS \'No Match Example\',\n EXTRACTVALUE(\'<cases><case/></cases>\', \'count(/cases/person)\')\n  AS \'count() Example\';\n+------------------+-----------------+\n| No Match Example | count() Example |\n+------------------+-----------------+\n|                  |                0|\n+------------------+-----------------+\n\nMatches\n-------\n\nImportant: The EXTRACTVALUE() function only returns CDDATA. It does not return\ntags that the element might contain or the text that these child elements\ncontain.\n\nSELECT\n\nEXTRACTVALUE(\'<cases><case>Person<email>x@example.com</email></case></cases>\',\n\'/cases\')\n AS Case;\n+--------+\n| Case   |\n+--------+\n| Person |\n+--------+\n\nNote, in the above example, while the XPath expression matches to the parent\n<case> instance, it does not return the contained <email> tag or its content.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT\n  ExtractValue(\'<a>ccc<b>ddd</b></a>\', \'/a\')            AS val1,\n  ExtractValue(\'<a>ccc<b>ddd</b></a>\', \'/a/b\')          AS val2,\n  ExtractValue(\'<a>ccc<b>ddd</b></a>\', \'//b\')           AS val3,\n  ExtractValue(\'<a>ccc<b>ddd</b></a>\', \'/b\')            AS val4,\n  ExtractValue(\'<a>ccc<b>ddd</b><b>eee</b></a>\', \'//b\') AS val5;\n+------+------+------+------+---------+\n| val1 | val2 | val3 | val4 | val5    |\n+------+------+------+------+---------+\n| ccc  | ddd  | ddd  |      | ddd eee |\n+------+------+------+------+---------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/extractvalue/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/extractvalue/'),
(647,'FIELD',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nFIELD(pattern, str1[,str2,...])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the index position of the string or number matching the given pattern.\nReturns 0 in the event that none of the arguments match the pattern. Raises an\nError 1582 if not given at least two arguments.\n\nWhen all arguments given to the FIELD() function are strings, they are treated\nas case-insensitive. When all the arguments are numbers, they are treated as\nnumbers. Otherwise, they are treated as doubles.\n\nIf the given pattern occurs more than once, the	FIELD() function only returns\nthe index of the first instance. If the given pattern is NULL, the function\nreturns 0, as a NULL pattern always fails to match.\n\nThis function is complementary to the ELT() function.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT FIELD(\'ej\', \'Hej\', \'ej\', \'Heja\', \'hej\', \'foo\') \n AS \'Field Results\';\n+---------------+\n| Field Results | \n+---------------+\n|             2 |\n+---------------+\n\nSELECT FIELD(\'fo\', \'Hej\', \'ej\', \'Heja\', \'hej\', \'foo\')\n AS \'Field Results\';\n+---------------+\n| Field Results | \n+---------------+\n|             0 |\n+---------------+\n\nSELECT FIELD(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1) AS \'Field Results\';\n+---------------+\n| Field Results |\n+---------------+\n|             5 |\n+---------------+\n\nSELECT FIELD(NULL, 2, 3) AS \'Field Results\';\n+---------------+\n| Field Results |\n+---------------+\n|             0 |\n+---------------+\n\nSELECT FIELD(\'fail\') AS \'Field Results\';\nError 1582 (42000): Incorrect parameter count in call\nto native function \'field\'\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/field/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/field/'),
(648,'FIND_IN_SET',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nFIND_IN_SET(pattern, strlist)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the index position where the given pattern occurs in a string list.\nThe first argument is the pattern you want to search for. The second argument\nis a string containing comma-separated variables. If the second argument is of\nthe SET data-type, the function is optimized to use bit arithmetic.\n\nIf the pattern does not occur in the string list or if the string list is an\nempty string, the function returns 0. If either argument is NULL, the function\nreturns NULL. The function does not return the correct result if the pattern\ncontains a comma (\",\") character.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT FIND_IN_SET(\'b\',\'a,b,c,d\') AS \"Found Results\";\n+---------------+\n| Found Results |\n+---------------+\n|             2 |\n+---------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/find_in_set/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/find_in_set/'),
(649,'FORMAT',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nFORMAT(num, decimal_position[, locale])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nFormats the given number for display as a string, adding separators to\nappropriate position and rounding the results to the given decimal position.\nFor instance, it would format 15233.345 to 15,233.35.\n\nIf the given decimal position is 0, it rounds to return no decimal point or\nfractional part. You can optionally specify a locale value to format numbers\nto the pattern appropriate for the given region.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT FORMAT(1234567890.09876543210, 4) AS \'Format\';\n+--------------------+\n| Format             |\n+--------------------+\n| 1,234,567,890.0988 |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT FORMAT(1234567.89, 4) AS \'Format\';\n+----------------+\n| Format         |\n+----------------+\n| 1,234,567.8900 |\n+----------------+\n\nSELECT FORMAT(1234567.89, 0) AS \'Format\';\n+-----------+\n| Format    |\n+-----------+\n| 1,234,568 |\n+-----------+\n\nSELECT FORMAT(123456789,2,\'rm_CH\') AS \'Format\';\n+----------------+\n| Format         |\n+----------------+\n| 123\'456\'789,00 |\n+----------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/format/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/format/'),
(650,'FROM_BASE64',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nFROM_BASE64(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nDecodes the given base-64 encode string, returning the result as a binary\nstring. Returns NULL if the given string is NULL or if it\'s invalid.\n\nIt is the reverse of the TO_BASE64 function.\n\nThere are numerous methods to base-64 encode a string. MariaDB uses the\nfollowing:\n\n* It encodes alphabet value 64 as \'+\'.\n* It encodes alphabet value 63 as \'/\'.\n* It codes output in groups of four printable characters.  Each three byte of\ndata encoded uses four characters.  If the final group is incomplete, it pads\nthe difference with the \'=\' character.\n* It divides long output, adding a new line very 76 characters.\n* In decoding, it recognizes and ignores newlines, carriage returns, tabs and\nspace whitespace characters.\n\nSELECT TO_BASE64(\'Maria\') AS \'Input\';\n+-----------+\n| Input     |\n+-----------+\n| TWFyaWE=  |\n+-----------+\n\nSELECT FROM_BASE64(\'TWFyaWE=\') AS \'Output\';\n+--------+\n| Output |\n+--------+\n| Maria  |\n+--------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/from_base64/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/from_base64/'),
(651,'HEX',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nHEX(N_or_S)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nIf N_or_S is a number, returns a string representation of the hexadecimal\nvalue of N, where N is a longlong (BIGINT) number. This is equivalent to\nCONV(N,10,16).\n\nIf N_or_S is a string, returns a hexadecimal string representation of N_or_S\nwhere each byte of each character in N_or_S is converted to two hexadecimal\ndigits. If N_or_S is NULL, returns NULL. The inverse of this operation is\nperformed by the UNHEX() function.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.0\n----------------------------\nHEX() with an INET6 argument returns a hexadecimal representation of the\nunderlying 16-byte binary string.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT HEX(255);\n+----------+\n| HEX(255) |\n+----------+\n| FF       |\n+----------+\n\nSELECT 0x4D617269614442;\n+------------------+\n| 0x4D617269614442 |\n+------------------+\n| MariaDB          |\n+------------------+\n\nSELECT HEX(\'MariaDB\');\n+----------------+\n| HEX(\'MariaDB\') |\n+----------------+\n| 4D617269614442 |\n+----------------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.5.0:\n\nSELECT HEX(CAST(\'2001:db8::ff00:42:8329\' AS INET6));\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| HEX(CAST(\'2001:db8::ff00:42:8329\' AS INET6)) |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| 20010DB8000000000000FF0000428329             |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/hex/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/hex/'),
(655,'INSERT Function',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nINSERT(str,pos,len,newstr)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string str, with the substring beginning at position pos and len\ncharacters long replaced by the string newstr. Returns the original string if\npos is not within the length of the string. Replaces the rest of the string\nfrom position pos if len is not within the length of the rest of the string.\nReturns NULL if any argument is NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT INSERT(\'Quadratic\', 3, 4, \'What\');\n+-----------------------------------+\n| INSERT(\'Quadratic\', 3, 4, \'What\') |\n+-----------------------------------+\n| QuWhattic                         |\n+-----------------------------------+\n\nSELECT INSERT(\'Quadratic\', -1, 4, \'What\');\n+------------------------------------+\n| INSERT(\'Quadratic\', -1, 4, \'What\') |\n+------------------------------------+\n| Quadratic                          |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT INSERT(\'Quadratic\', 3, 100, \'What\');\n+-------------------------------------+\n| INSERT(\'Quadratic\', 3, 100, \'What\') |\n+-------------------------------------+\n| QuWhat                              |\n+-------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert-function/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/insert-function/'),
(656,'LENGTH',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nLENGTH(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the length of the string str.\n\nIn the default mode, when Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3 is not set, the length\nis measured in bytes. In this case, a multi-byte character counts as multiple\nbytes. This means that for a string containing five two-byte characters,\nLENGTH() returns 10, whereas CHAR_LENGTH() returns 5.\n\nWhen running Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3, the length is measured in\ncharacters, and LENGTH is a synonym for CHAR_LENGTH().\n\nIf str is not a string value, it is converted into a string. If str is NULL,\nthe function returns NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT LENGTH(\'MariaDB\');\n+-------------------+\n| LENGTH(\'MariaDB\') |\n+-------------------+\n|                 7 |\n+-------------------+\n\nWhen Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3 is not set:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            2 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nIn Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            1 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/length/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/length/'),
(657,'LENGTHB',36,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.1\n----------------------------\nIntroduced in MariaDB 10.3.1 as part of the Oracle compatibility enhancements.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nLENGTHB(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nLENGTHB() returns the length of the given string, in bytes. When Oracle mode\nis not set, this is a synonym for LENGTH.\n\nA multi-byte character counts as multiple bytes. This means that for a string\ncontaining five two-byte characters, LENGTHB() returns 10, whereas\nCHAR_LENGTH() returns 5.\n\nIf str is not a string value, it is converted into a string. If str is NULL,\nthe function returns NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nWhen Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3 is not set:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            2 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nIn Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            1 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lengthb/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lengthb/'),
(659,'LOCATE',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nLOCATE(substr,str), LOCATE(substr,str,pos)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe first syntax returns the position of the first occurrence of substring\nsubstr in string str. The second syntax returns the position of the first\noccurrence of substring substr in string str, starting at position pos.\nReturns 0 if substr is not in str.\n\nLOCATE() performs a case-insensitive search.\n\nIf any argument is NULL, returns NULL.\n\nINSTR() is the same as the two-argument form of LOCATE(), except that the\norder of the arguments is reversed.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT LOCATE(\'bar\', \'foobarbar\');\n+----------------------------+\n| LOCATE(\'bar\', \'foobarbar\') |\n+----------------------------+\n|                          4 |\n+----------------------------+\n\nSELECT LOCATE(\'My\', \'Maria\');\n+-----------------------+\n| LOCATE(\'My\', \'Maria\') |\n+-----------------------+\n|                     0 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nSELECT LOCATE(\'bar\', \'foobarbar\', 5);\n+-------------------------------+\n| LOCATE(\'bar\', \'foobarbar\', 5) |\n+-------------------------------+\n|                             7 |\n+-------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/locate/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/locate/'),
(658,'LIKE',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nexpr LIKE pat [ESCAPE \'escape_char\']\nexpr NOT LIKE pat [ESCAPE \'escape_char\']\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nTests whether expr matches the pattern pat. Returns either 1 (TRUE) or 0\n(FALSE). Both expr and pat may be any valid expression and are evaluated to\nstrings. Patterns may use the following wildcard characters:\n\n* % matches any number of characters, including zero.\n* _ matches any single character.\n\nUse NOT LIKE to test if a string does not match a pattern. This is equivalent\nto using the NOT operator on the entire LIKE expression.\n\nIf either the expression or the pattern is NULL, the result is NULL.\n\nLIKE performs case-insensitive substring matches if the collation for the\nexpression and pattern is case-insensitive. For case-sensitive matches,\ndeclare either argument to use a binary collation using COLLATE, or coerce\neither of them to a BINARY string using CAST. Use SHOW COLLATION to get a list\nof available collations. Collations ending in _bin are case-sensitive.\n\nNumeric arguments are coerced to binary strings.\n\nThe _ wildcard matches a single character, not byte. It will only match a\nmulti-byte character if it is valid in the expression\'s character set. For\nexample, _ will match _utf8\"€\", but it will not match _latin1\"€\" because the\nEuro sign is not a valid latin1 character. If necessary, use CONVERT to use\nthe expression in a different character set.\n\nIf you need to match the characters _ or %, you must escape them. By default,\nyou can prefix the wildcard characters the backslash character \\ to escape\nthem. The backslash is used both to encode special characters like newlines\nwhen a string is parsed as well as to escape wildcards in a pattern after\nparsing. Thus, to match an actual backslash, you sometimes need to\ndouble-escape it as \"\\\\\\\\\".\n\nTo avoid difficulties with the backslash character, you can change the\nwildcard escape character using ESCAPE in a LIKE expression. The argument to\nESCAPE must be a single-character string.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSelect the days that begin with \"T\":\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (d VARCHAR(16));\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES \n (\"Monday\"), (\"Tuesday\"), (\"Wednesday\"),\n (\"Thursday\"), (\"Friday\"), (\"Saturday\"), (\"Sunday\");\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d LIKE \"T%\";\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d LIKE \"T%\";\n+----------+\n| d        |\n+----------+\n| Tuesday  |\n| Thursday |\n+----------+\n\nSelect the days that contain the substring \"es\":\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d LIKE \"%es%\";\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d LIKE \"%es%\";\n+-----------+\n| d         |\n+-----------+\n| Tuesday   |\n| Wednesday |\n+-----------+\n\nSelect the six-character day names:\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d like \"___day\";\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d like \"___day\";\n+---------+\n| d       |\n+---------+\n| Monday  |\n| Friday  |\n| Sunday  |\n+---------+\n\nWith the default collations, LIKE is case-insensitive:\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 where d like \"t%\";\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 where d like \"t%\";\n+----------+\n| d        |\n+----------+\n| Tuesday  |\n| Thursday |\n+----------+\n\nUse COLLATE to specify a binary collation, forcing case-sensitive matches:\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d like \"t%\" COLLATE latin1_bin;\n\nSELECT * FROM t1 WHERE d like \"t%\" COLLATE latin1_bin;\nEmpty set (0.00 sec)\n\nYou can include functions and operators in the expression to match. Select\ndates based on their day name:\n\nCREATE TABLE t2 (d DATETIME);\nINSERT INTO t2 VALUES\n  (\"2007-01-30 21:31:07\"),\n  (\"1983-10-15 06:42:51\"),\n  (\"2011-04-21 12:34:56\"),\n  (\"2011-10-30 06:31:41\"),\n  (\"2011-01-30 14:03:25\"),\n  (\"2004-10-07 11:19:34\");\nSELECT * FROM t2 WHERE DAYNAME(d) LIKE \"T%\";\n\nSELECT * FROM t2 WHERE DAYNAME(d) LIKE \"T%\";\n+------------------+\n| d                |\n+------------------+\n| 2007-01-30 21:31 |\n| 2011-04-21 12:34 |\n| 2004-10-07 11:19 |\n+------------------+\n3 rows in set, 7 warnings (0.00 sec)\n\nOptimizing LIKE\n---------------\n\n* MariaDB can use indexes for LIKE on string columns in the case where the\nLIKE doesn\'t start with % or _.\n* Starting from MariaDB 10.0, one can set  the\noptimizer_use_condition_selectivity variable to 5. If this is done, then the\noptimizer will read optimizer_selectivity_sampling_limit rows to calculate the\nselectivity of the LIKE expression before starting to calculate the query\nplan. This can help speed up some LIKE queries by providing the optimizer with\nmore information about your data.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/like/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/like/'),
(660,'LOWER',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nLOWER(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string str with all characters changed to lowercase according to\nthe current character set mapping. The default is latin1 (cp1252 West\nEuropean).\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT LOWER(\'QUADRATICALLY\');\n+------------------------+\n| LOWER(\'QUADRATICALLY\') |\n+------------------------+\n| quadratically          |\n+------------------------+\n\nLOWER() (and UPPER()) are ineffective when applied to binary strings (BINARY,\nVARBINARY, BLOB). To perform lettercase conversion, CONVERT the string to a\nnon-binary string:\n\nSET @str = BINARY \'North Carolina\';\n\nSELECT LOWER(@str), LOWER(CONVERT(@str USING latin1));\n+----------------+-----------------------------------+\n| LOWER(@str)    | LOWER(CONVERT(@str USING latin1)) |\n+----------------+-----------------------------------+\n| North Carolina | north carolina                    |\n+----------------+-----------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lower/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lower/'),
(661,'LPAD',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nLPAD(str, len [,padstr])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string str, left-padded with the string padstr to a length of len\ncharacters. If str is longer than len, the return value is shortened to len\ncharacters. If padstr is omitted, the LPAD function pads spaces.\n\nPrior to MariaDB 10.3.1, the padstr parameter was mandatory.\n\nReturns NULL if given a NULL argument. If the result is empty (zero length),\nreturns either an empty string or, from MariaDB 10.3.6 with SQL_MODE=Oracle,\nNULL.\n\nThe Oracle mode version of the function can be accessed outside of Oracle mode\nby using LPAD_ORACLE as the function name.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT LPAD(\'hello\',10,\'.\');\n+----------------------+\n| LPAD(\'hello\',10,\'.\') |\n+----------------------+\n| .....hello           |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT LPAD(\'hello\',2,\'.\');\n+---------------------+\n| LPAD(\'hello\',2,\'.\') |\n+---------------------+\n| he                  |\n+---------------------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.1, with the pad string defaulting to space.\n\nSELECT LPAD(\'hello\',10);\n+------------------+\n| LPAD(\'hello\',10) |\n+------------------+\n|      hello       |\n+------------------+\n\nOracle mode version from MariaDB 10.3.6:\n\nSELECT LPAD(\'\',0),LPAD_ORACLE(\'\',0);\n+------------+-------------------+\n| LPAD(\'\',0) | LPAD_ORACLE(\'\',0) |\n+------------+-------------------+\n|            | NULL              |\n+------------+-------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lpad/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lpad/'),
(662,'LTRIM',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nLTRIM(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string str with leading space characters removed.\n\nReturns NULL if given a NULL argument. If the result is empty, returns either\nan empty string, or, from MariaDB 10.3.6 with SQL_MODE=Oracle, NULL.\n\nThe Oracle mode version of the function can be accessed outside of Oracle mode\nby using LTRIM_ORACLE as the function name.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT QUOTE(LTRIM(\'   MariaDB   \'));\n+-------------------------------+\n| QUOTE(LTRIM(\'   MariaDB   \')) |\n+-------------------------------+\n| \'MariaDB   \'                  |\n+-------------------------------+\n\nOracle mode version from MariaDB 10.3.6:\n\nSELECT LTRIM(\'\'),LTRIM_ORACLE(\'\');\n+-----------+------------------+\n| LTRIM(\'\') | LTRIM_ORACLE(\'\') |\n+-----------+------------------+\n|           | NULL             |\n+-----------+------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/ltrim/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/ltrim/'),
(663,'MAKE_SET',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nMAKE_SET(bits,str1,str2,...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a set value (a string containing substrings separated by \",\"\ncharacters) consisting of the strings that have the corresponding bit in bits\nset. str1 corresponds to bit 0, str2 to bit 1, and so on. NULL values in str1,\nstr2, ... are not appended to the result.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT MAKE_SET(1,\'a\',\'b\',\'c\');\n+-------------------------+\n| MAKE_SET(1,\'a\',\'b\',\'c\') |\n+-------------------------+\n| a                       |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT MAKE_SET(1 | 4,\'hello\',\'nice\',\'world\');\n+----------------------------------------+\n| MAKE_SET(1 | 4,\'hello\',\'nice\',\'world\') |\n+----------------------------------------+\n| hello,world                            |\n+----------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT MAKE_SET(1 | 4,\'hello\',\'nice\',NULL,\'world\');\n+---------------------------------------------+\n| MAKE_SET(1 | 4,\'hello\',\'nice\',NULL,\'world\') |\n+---------------------------------------------+\n| hello                                       |\n+---------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT QUOTE(MAKE_SET(0,\'a\',\'b\',\'c\'));\n+--------------------------------+\n| QUOTE(MAKE_SET(0,\'a\',\'b\',\'c\')) |\n+--------------------------------+\n| \'\'                             |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/make_set/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/make_set/'),
(664,'MATCH AGAINST',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nMATCH (col1,col2,...) AGAINST (expr [search_modifier])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nA special construct used to perform a fulltext search on a fulltext index.\n\nSee Fulltext Index Overview for a full description, and Full-text Indexes for\nmore articles on the topic.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE ft_myisam(copy TEXT,FULLTEXT(copy)) ENGINE=MyISAM;\n\nINSERT INTO ft_myisam(copy) VALUES (\'Once upon a time\'), (\'There was a wicked\nwitch\'), \n (\'Who ate everybody up\');\n\nSELECT * FROM ft_myisam WHERE MATCH(copy) AGAINST(\'wicked\');\n+--------------------------+\n| copy                     |\n+--------------------------+\n| There was a wicked witch |\n+--------------------------+\n\nSELECT id, body, MATCH (title,body) AGAINST\n  (\'Security implications of running MySQL as root\'\n  IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE) AS score\n  FROM articles WHERE MATCH (title,body) AGAINST\n  (\'Security implications of running MySQL as root\'\n  IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE);\n+----+-------------------------------------+-----------------+\n| id | body                                | score           |\n+----+-------------------------------------+-----------------+\n|  4 | 1. Never run mysqld as root. 2. ... | 1.5219271183014 |\n|  6 | When configured properly, MySQL ... | 1.3114095926285 |\n+----+-------------------------------------+-----------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/match-against/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/match-against/'),
(666,'NATURAL_SORT_KEY',36,'MariaDB starting with 10.7.0\n----------------------------\nNATURAL_SORT_KEY was added in MariaDB 10.7.0.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nNATURAL_SORT_KEY(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe NATURAL_SORT_KEY function is used for sorting that is closer to natural\nsorting. Strings are sorted in alphabetical order, while numbers are treated\nin a way such that, for example, 10 is greater than 2, whereas in other forms\nof sorting, 2 would be greater than 10, just like z is greater than ya.\n\nThere are multiple natural sort implementations, differing in the way they\nhandle leading zeroes, fractions, i18n, negatives, decimals and so on.\n\nMariaDB\'s implementation ignores leading zeroes when performing the sort.\n\nYou can use also use NATURAL_SORT_KEY with generated columns. The value is not\nstored permanently in the table. When using a generated column, the virtual\ncolumn must be longer than the base column to cater for embedded numbers in\nthe string and MDEV-24582.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nStrings and Numbers\n-------------------\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (c TEXT);\n\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES (\'b1\'),(\'a2\'),(\'a11\'),(\'a1\');\n\nSELECT c FROM t1;\n+------+\n| c    |\n+------+\n| b1   |\n| a2   |\n| a11  |\n| a1   |\n+------+\n\nSELECT c FROM t1 ORDER BY c;\n+------+\n| c    |\n+------+\n| a1   |\n| a11  |\n| a2   |\n| b1   |\n+------+\n\nUnsorted, regular sort and natural sort:\n\nTRUNCATE t1;\n\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES \n (\'5.5.31\'),(\'10.7.0\'),(\'10.2.1\'),\n (\'10.1.22\'),(\'10.3.32\'),(\'10.2.12\');\n\nSELECT c FROM t1;\n+---------+\n| c       |\n+---------+\n| 5.5.31  |\n| 10.7.0  |\n| 10.2.1  |\n| 10.1.22 |\n| 10.3.32 |\n| 10.2.12 |\n+---------+\n\nSELECT c FROM t1 ORDER BY c;\n+---------+\n| c       |\n+---------+\n| 10.1.22 |\n| 10.2.1  |\n| 10.2.12 |\n| 10.3.32 |\n| 10.7.0  |\n| 5.5.31  |\n+---------+\n\nSELECT c FROM t1 ORDER BY NATURAL_SORT_KEY(c);\n+---------+\n| c       |\n+---------+\n| 5.5.31  |\n| 10.1.22 |\n| 10.2.1  |\n| 10.2.12 |\n| 10.3.32 |\n| 10.7.0  |\n+---------+\n\nIPs\n---\n\nSorting IPs, unsorted, regular sort and natural sort::\n\nTRUNCATE t1;\n\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES \n (\'192.167.3.1\'),(\'192.167.1.12\'),(\'100.200.300.400\'),\n (\'100.50.60.70\'),(\'100.8.9.9\'),(\'127.0.0.1\'),(\'0.0.0.0\');\n\nSELECT c FROM t1;\n+-----------------+\n| c               |\n+-----------------+\n| 192.167.3.1     |\n| 192.167.1.12    |\n| 100.200.300.400 |\n| 100.50.60.70    |\n| 100.8.9.9       |\n| 127.0.0.1       |\n| 0.0.0.0         |\n+-----------------+\n\nSELECT c FROM t1 ORDER BY c;\n+-----------------+\n| c               |\n+-----------------+\n| 0.0.0.0         |\n| 100.200.300.400 |\n| 100.50.60.70    |\n| 100.8.9.9       |\n| 127.0.0.1       |\n| 192.167.1.12    |\n| 192.167.3.1     |\n+-----------------+\n\nSELECT c FROM t1 ORDER BY NATURAL_SORT_KEY(c);\n+-----------------+\n| c               |\n+-----------------+\n| 0.0.0.0         |\n| 100.8.9.9       |\n| 100.50.60.70    |\n| 100.200.300.400 |\n| 127.0.0.1       |\n| 192.167.1.12    |\n| 192.167.3.1     |\n+-----------------+\n\nGenerated Columns\n-----------------\n\nUsing with a generated column:\n\nCREATE TABLE t(c VARCHAR(3), k VARCHAR(4) AS (NATURAL_SORT_KEY(c)) INVISIBLE);\n\nINSERT INTO t(c) VALUES (\'b1\'),(\'a2\'),(\'a11\'),(\'a10\');\n\nSELECT * FROM t ORDER by k;\n+------+\n| c    |\n+------+\n| a2   |\n| a10  |\n| a11  |\n| b1   |\n+------+\n\nNote that if the virtual column is not longer, results may not be as expected:\n\nCREATE TABLE t2(c VARCHAR(3), k VARCHAR(3) AS (NATURAL_SORT_KEY(c)) INVISIBLE);\n\nINSERT INTO t2(c) VALUES (\'b1\'),(\'a2\'),(\'a11\'),(\'a10\');\n\nSELECT * FROM t2 ORDER by k;\n+------+\n| c    |\n+------+\n| a2   |\n| a11  |\n| a10  |\n| b1   |\n+------+\n\nLeading Zeroes\n--------------\n\nIgnoring leading zeroes can lead to undesirable results in certain contexts.\nFor example:\n\nCREATE TABLE t3 (a VARCHAR(4));\n\nINSERT INTO t3 VALUES \n (\'a1\'), (\'a001\'), (\'a10\'), (\'a001\'), (\'a10\'),\n (\'a01\'), (\'a01\'), (\'a01b\'), (\'a01b\'), (\'a1\');\n\nSELECT a FROM t3 ORDER BY a;\n+------+\n| a    |\n+------+\n| a001 |\n| a001 |\n| a01  |\n| a01  |\n| a01b |\n| a01b |\n| a1   |\n| a1   |\n| a10  |\n| a10  |\n+------+\n10 rows in set (0.000 sec)\n\nSELECT a FROM t3 ORDER BY NATURAL_SORT_KEY(a);\n+------+\n| a    |\n+------+\n| a1   |\n| a01  |\n| a01  |\n| a001 |\n| a001 |\n| a1   |\n| a01b |\n| a01b |\n| a10  |\n| a10  |\n+------+\n\nThis may not be what we were hoping for in a \'natural\' sort. A workaround is\nto sort by both NATURAL_SORT_KEY and regular sort.\n\nSELECT a FROM t3 ORDER BY NATURAL_SORT_KEY(a), a;\n+------+\n| a    |\n+------+\n| a001 |\n| a001 |\n| a01  |\n| a01  |\n| a1   |\n| a1   |\n| a01b |\n| a01b |\n| a10  |\n| a10  |\n+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/natural_sort_key/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/natural_sort_key/'),
(668,'OCTET_LENGTH',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nOCTET_LENGTH(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nOCTET_LENGTH() returns the length of the given string, in octets (bytes). This\nis a synonym for LENGTHB(), and, when Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3 is not\nset, a synonym for LENGTH().\n\nA multi-byte character counts as multiple bytes. This means that for a string\ncontaining five two-byte characters, OCTET_LENGTH() returns 10, whereas\nCHAR_LENGTH() returns 5.\n\nIf str is not a string value, it is converted into a string. If str is NULL,\nthe function returns NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nWhen Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3 is not set:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            2 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nIn Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3:\n\nSELECT CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTH(\'π\'), LENGTHB(\'π\'), OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\');\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n| CHAR_LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTH(\'π\')  | LENGTHB(\'π\')  | OCTET_LENGTH(\'π\')  |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n|                 1 |            1 |             2 |                  2 |\n+-------------------+--------------+---------------+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/octet_length/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/octet_length/'),
(676,'RPAD',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nRPAD(str, len [, padstr])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string str, right-padded with the string padstr to a length of len\ncharacters. If str is longer than len, the return value is shortened to len\ncharacters. If padstr is omitted, the RPAD function pads spaces.\n\nPrior to MariaDB 10.3.1, the padstr parameter was mandatory.\n\nReturns NULL if given a NULL argument. If the result is empty (a length of\nzero), returns either an empty string, or, from MariaDB 10.3.6 with\nSQL_MODE=Oracle, NULL.\n\nThe Oracle mode version of the function can be accessed outside of Oracle mode\nby using RPAD_ORACLE as the function name.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT RPAD(\'hello\',10,\'.\');\n+----------------------+\n| RPAD(\'hello\',10,\'.\') |\n+----------------------+\n| hello.....           |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT RPAD(\'hello\',2,\'.\');\n+---------------------+\n| RPAD(\'hello\',2,\'.\') |\n+---------------------+\n| he                  |\n+---------------------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.1, with the pad string defaulting to space.\n\nSELECT RPAD(\'hello\',30);\n+--------------------------------+\n| RPAD(\'hello\',30)               |\n+--------------------------------+\n| hello                          |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nOracle mode version from MariaDB 10.3.6:\n\nSELECT RPAD(\'\',0),RPAD_ORACLE(\'\',0);\n+------------+-------------------+\n| RPAD(\'\',0) | RPAD_ORACLE(\'\',0) |\n+------------+-------------------+\n|            | NULL              |\n+------------+-------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/rpad/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/rpad/'),
(677,'RTRIM',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nRTRIM(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string str with trailing space characters removed.\n\nReturns NULL if given a NULL argument. If the result is empty, returns either\nan empty string, or, from MariaDB 10.3.6 with SQL_MODE=Oracle, NULL.\n\nThe Oracle mode version of the function can be accessed outside of Oracle mode\nby using RTRIM_ORACLE as the function name.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT QUOTE(RTRIM(\'MariaDB    \'));\n+-----------------------------+\n| QUOTE(RTRIM(\'MariaDB    \')) |\n+-----------------------------+\n| \'MariaDB\'                   |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nOracle mode version from MariaDB 10.3.6:\n\nSELECT RTRIM(\'\'),RTRIM_ORACLE(\'\');\n+-----------+------------------+\n| RTRIM(\'\') | RTRIM_ORACLE(\'\') |\n+-----------+------------------+\n|           | NULL             |\n+-----------+------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/rtrim/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/rtrim/'),
(678,'SFORMAT',36,'MariaDB starting with 10.7.0\n----------------------------\nSFORMAT was added in MariaDB 10.7.0.\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe SFORMAT function takes an input string and a formatting specification and\nreturns the string formatted using the rules the user passed in the\nspecification.\n\nIt uses the fmtlib library for Python-like (as well as Rust, C++20, etc)\nstring formatting.\n\nOnly fmtlib 7.0.0+ is supported.\n\nThere is no native support for temporal and decimal values:\n\n* TIME_RESULT is handled as STRING_RESULT\n* DECIMAL_RESULT as REAL_RESULT\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT SFORMAT(\"The answer is {}.\", 42);\n+----------------------------------+\n| SFORMAT(\"The answer is {}.\", 42) |\n+----------------------------------+\n| The answer is 42.                |\n+----------------------------------+\n\nCREATE TABLE test_sformat(mdb_release char(6), mdev int, feature char(20));\n\nINSERT INTO test_sformat VALUES(\'10.7.0\', 25015, \'Python style sformat\'), \n (\'10.7.0\', 4958, \'UUID\');\n\nSELECT * FROM test_sformat;\n+-------------+-------+----------------------+\n| mdb_release | mdev  | feature              |\n+-------------+-------+----------------------+\n| 10.7.0      | 25015 | Python style sformat |\n| 10.7.0      |  4958 | UUID                 |\n+-------------+-------+----------------------+\n\nSELECT SFORMAT(\'MariaDB Server {} has a preview for MDEV-{} which is about\n{}\', \n mdb_release, mdev, feature) AS \'Preview Release Examples\'\n FROM test_sformat;\n+------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n---------+\n| Preview Release Examples                                                    \n     |\n+------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n---------+\n| MariaDB Server 10.7.0 has a preview for MDEV-25015 which is about Python\nstyle sformat |\n| MariaDB Server 10.7.0 has a preview for MDEV-4958 which is about UUID       \n     |\n+------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n---------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/sformat/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/sformat/'),
(679,'SOUNDEX',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nSOUNDEX(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a soundex string from str. Two strings that sound almost the same\nshould have identical soundex strings. A standard soundex string is four\ncharacters long, but the SOUNDEX() function returns an arbitrarily long\nstring. You can use SUBSTRING() on the result to get a standard soundex\nstring. All non-alphabetic characters in str are ignored. All international\nalphabetic characters outside the A-Z range are treated as vowels.\n\nImportant: When using SOUNDEX(), you should be aware of the following details:\n\n* This function, as currently implemented, is intended to work well with\n strings that are in the English language only. Strings in other languages may\n not produce reasonable results.\n\n* This function implements the original Soundex algorithm, not the more\npopular enhanced version (also described by D. Knuth). The difference is that\noriginal version discards vowels first and duplicates second, whereas the\nenhanced version discards duplicates first and vowels second.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSOUNDEX(\'Hello\');\n+------------------+\n| SOUNDEX(\'Hello\') |\n+------------------+\n| H400             |\n+------------------+\n\nSELECT SOUNDEX(\'MariaDB\');\n+--------------------+\n| SOUNDEX(\'MariaDB\') |\n+--------------------+\n| M631               |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT SOUNDEX(\'Knowledgebase\');\n+--------------------------+\n| SOUNDEX(\'Knowledgebase\') |\n+--------------------------+\n| K543212                  |\n+--------------------------+\n\nSELECT givenname, surname FROM users WHERE SOUNDEX(givenname) =\nSOUNDEX(\"robert\");\n+-----------+---------+\n| givenname | surname |\n+-----------+---------+\n| Roberto   | Castro  |\n+-----------+---------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/soundex/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/soundex/'),
(682,'STRCMP',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nSTRCMP(expr1,expr2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSTRCMP() returns 0 if the strings are the same, -1 if the first argument is\nsmaller than the second according to the current sort order, and 1 if the\nstrings are otherwise not the same. Returns NULL is either argument is NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT STRCMP(\'text\', \'text2\');\n+-------------------------+\n| STRCMP(\'text\', \'text2\') |\n+-------------------------+\n|                      -1 |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT STRCMP(\'text2\', \'text\');\n+-------------------------+\n| STRCMP(\'text2\', \'text\') |\n+-------------------------+\n|                       1 |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT STRCMP(\'text\', \'text\');\n+------------------------+\n| STRCMP(\'text\', \'text\') |\n+------------------------+\n|                      0 |\n+------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/strcmp/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/strcmp/'),
(684,'SUBSTRING',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nSUBSTRING(str,pos), \nSUBSTRING(str FROM pos), \nSUBSTRING(str,pos,len),\nSUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)\n\nSUBSTR(str,pos), \nSUBSTR(str FROM pos), \nSUBSTR(str,pos,len),\nSUBSTR(str FROM pos FOR len)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe forms without a len argument return a substring from string str starting\nat position pos.\n\nThe forms with a len argument return a substring len characters long from\nstring str, starting at position pos.\n\nThe forms that use FROM are standard SQL syntax.\n\nIt is also possible to use a negative value for pos. In this case, the\nbeginning of the substring is pos characters from the end of the string,\nrather than the beginning. A negative value may be used for pos in any of the\nforms of this function.\n\nBy default, the position of the first character in the string from which the\nsubstring is to be extracted is reckoned as 1. For Oracle-compatibility, from\nMariaDB 10.3.3, when sql_mode is set to \'oracle\', position zero is treated as\nposition 1 (although the first character is still reckoned as 1).\n\nIf any argument is NULL, returns NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\',5);\n+------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\',5) |\n+------------------------------+\n| ledgebase                    |\n+------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING(\'MariaDB\' FROM 6);\n+-----------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING(\'MariaDB\' FROM 6) |\n+-----------------------------+\n| DB                          |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\',3,7);\n+--------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\',3,7) |\n+--------------------------------+\n| owledge                        |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\', -4);\n+--------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\', -4) |\n+--------------------------------+\n| base                           |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\', -8, 4);\n+-----------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\', -8, 4) |\n+-----------------------------------+\n| edge                              |\n+-----------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\' FROM -8 FOR 4);\n+------------------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING(\'Knowledgebase\' FROM -8 FOR 4) |\n+------------------------------------------+\n| edge                                     |\n+------------------------------------------+\n\nOracle mode from MariaDB 10.3.3:\n\nSELECT SUBSTR(\'abc\',0,3);\n+-------------------+\n| SUBSTR(\'abc\',0,3) |\n+-------------------+\n|                   |\n+-------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTR(\'abc\',1,2);\n+-------------------+\n| SUBSTR(\'abc\',1,2) |\n+-------------------+\n| ab                |\n+-------------------+\n\nSET sql_mode=\'oracle\';\n\nSELECT SUBSTR(\'abc\',0,3);\n+-------------------+\n| SUBSTR(\'abc\',0,3) |\n+-------------------+\n| abc               |\n+-------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTR(\'abc\',1,2);\n+-------------------+\n| SUBSTR(\'abc\',1,2) |\n+-------------------+\n| ab                |\n+-------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/substring/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/substring/'),
(685,'SUBSTRING_INDEX',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nSUBSTRING_INDEX(str,delim,count)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the substring from string str before count occurrences of the\ndelimiter delim. If count is positive, everything to the left of the final\ndelimiter (counting from the left) is returned. If count is negative,\neverything to the right of the final delimiter (counting from the right) is\nreturned. SUBSTRING_INDEX() performs a case-sensitive match when searching for\ndelim.\n\nIf any argument is NULL, returns NULL.\n\nFor example\n\nSUBSTRING_INDEX(\'www.mariadb.org\', \'.\', 2)\n\nmeans \"Return all of the characters up to the 2nd occurrence of .\"\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX(\'www.mariadb.org\', \'.\', 2);\n+--------------------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING_INDEX(\'www.mariadb.org\', \'.\', 2) |\n+--------------------------------------------+\n| www.mariadb                                |\n+--------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX(\'www.mariadb.org\', \'.\', -2);\n+---------------------------------------------+\n| SUBSTRING_INDEX(\'www.mariadb.org\', \'.\', -2) |\n+---------------------------------------------+\n| mariadb.org                                 |\n+---------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/substring_index/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/substring_index/'),
(686,'TO_BASE64',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nTO_BASE64(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nConverts the string argument str to its base-64 encoded form, returning the\nresult as a character string in the connection character set and collation.\n\nThe argument str will be converted to string first if it is not a string. A\nNULL argument will return a NULL result.\n\nThe reverse function, FROM_BASE64(), decodes an encoded base-64 string.\n\nThere are a numerous different methods to base-64 encode a string. The\nfollowing are used by MariaDB and MySQL:\n\n* Alphabet value 64 is encoded as \'+\'.\n* Alphabet value 63 is encoded as \'/\'.\n* Encoding output is made up of groups of four printable characters, with each\nthree bytes of data encoded using four characters. If the final group is not\ncomplete, it is padded with \'=\' characters to make up a length of four.\n* To divide long output, a newline is added after every 76 characters.\n* Decoding will recognize and ignore newlines, carriage returns, tabs, and\nspaces.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TO_BASE64(\'Maria\');\n+--------------------+\n| TO_BASE64(\'Maria\') |\n+--------------------+\n| TWFyaWE=           |\n+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_base64/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_base64/'),
(687,'TO_CHAR',36,'MariaDB starting with 10.6.1\n----------------------------\nThe TO_CHAR function was introduced in MariaDB 10.6.1 to enhance Oracle\ncompatibility.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nTO_CHAR(expr[, fmt])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe TO_CHAR function converts an expr of type date, datetime, time or\ntimestamp to a string. The optional fmt argument supports\nYYYY/YYY/YY/RRRR/RR/MM/MON/MONTH/MI/DD/DY/HH/HH12/HH24/SS and special\ncharacters. The default value is \"YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS\".\n\nIn Oracle, TO_CHAR can also be used to convert numbers to strings, but this is\nnot supported in MariaDB and will give an error.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TO_CHAR(\'1980-01-11 04:50:39\', \'YYYY-MM-DD\');\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| TO_CHAR(\'1980-01-11 04:50:39\', \'YYYY-MM-DD\') |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| 1980-01-11                                   |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_CHAR(\'1980-01-11 04:50:39\', \'HH24-MI-SS\');\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| TO_CHAR(\'1980-01-11 04:50:39\', \'HH24-MI-SS\') |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| 04-50-39                                     |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_CHAR(\'00-01-01 00:00:00\', \'YY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS\');\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| TO_CHAR(\'00-01-01 00:00:00\', \'YY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| 00-01-01 00:00:00                                   |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_CHAR(\'99-12-31 23:59:59\', \'YY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS\');\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| TO_CHAR(\'99-12-31 23:59:59\', \'YY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| 99-12-31 23:59:59                                   |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_CHAR(\'9999-12-31 23:59:59\', \'YY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS\');\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| TO_CHAR(\'9999-12-31 23:59:59\', \'YY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS\') |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| 99-12-31 23:59:59                                     |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT TO_CHAR(\'21-01-03 08:30:00\', \'Y-MONTH-DY HH:MI:SS\');\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| TO_CHAR(\'21-01-03 08:30:00\', \'Y-MONTH-DY HH:MI:SS\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| 1-January  -Sun 08:30:00                            |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_char/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/to_char/'),
(688,'TRIM',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nTRIM([{BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING} [remstr] FROM] str), TRIM([remstr FROM] str)\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.6\n\nTRIM_ORACLE([{BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING} [remstr] FROM] str), TRIM([remstr\nFROM] str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the string str with all remstr prefixes or suffixes removed. If none\nof the specifiers BOTH, LEADING, or TRAILING is given, BOTH is assumed. remstr\nis optional and, if not specified, spaces are removed.\n\nReturns NULL if given a NULL argument. If the result is empty, returns either\nan empty string, or, from MariaDB 10.3.6 with SQL_MODE=Oracle, NULL.\nSQL_MODE=Oracle is not set by default.\n\nThe Oracle mode version of the function can be accessed in any mode by using\nTRIM_ORACLE as the function name.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT TRIM(\'  bar   \')\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\nTRIM(\'  bar   \'): bar\n\nSELECT TRIM(LEADING \'x\' FROM \'xxxbarxxx\')\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\nTRIM(LEADING \'x\' FROM \'xxxbarxxx\'): barxxx\n\nSELECT TRIM(BOTH \'x\' FROM \'xxxbarxxx\')\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\nTRIM(BOTH \'x\' FROM \'xxxbarxxx\'): bar\n\nSELECT TRIM(TRAILING \'xyz\' FROM \'barxxyz\')\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\nTRIM(TRAILING \'xyz\' FROM \'barxxyz\'): barx\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.6, with SQL_MODE=Oracle not set:\n\nSELECT TRIM(\'\'),TRIM_ORACLE(\'\');\n+----------+-----------------+\n| TRIM(\'\') | TRIM_ORACLE(\'\') |\n+----------+-----------------+\n|          | NULL            |\n+----------+-----------------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.6, with SQL_MODE=Oracle set:\n\nSELECT TRIM(\'\'),TRIM_ORACLE(\'\');\n+----------+-----------------+\n| TRIM(\'\') | TRIM_ORACLE(\'\') |\n+----------+-----------------+\n| NULL     | NULL            |\n+----------+-----------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/trim/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/trim/'),
(690,'UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nUNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH(compressed_string)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the length that the compressed string had before being compressed with\nCOMPRESS().\n\nUNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH() returns NULL or an incorrect result if the string is not\ncompressed.\n\nUntil MariaDB 10.3.1, returns MYSQL_TYPE_LONGLONG, or bigint(10), in all\ncases. From MariaDB 10.3.1, returns MYSQL_TYPE_LONG, or int(10), when the\nresult would fit within 32-bits.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH(COMPRESS(REPEAT(\'a\',30)));\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH(COMPRESS(REPEAT(\'a\',30))) |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n|                                            30 |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/uncompressed_length/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/uncompressed_length/'),
(691,'UNHEX',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nUNHEX(str)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nPerforms the inverse operation of HEX(str). That is, it interprets each pair\nof hexadecimal digits in the argument as a number and converts it to the\ncharacter represented by the number. The resulting characters are returned as\na binary string.\n\nIf str is NULL, UNHEX() returns NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT HEX(\'MariaDB\');\n+----------------+\n| HEX(\'MariaDB\') |\n+----------------+\n| 4D617269614442 |\n+----------------+\n\nSELECT UNHEX(\'4D617269614442\');\n+-------------------------+\n| UNHEX(\'4D617269614442\') |\n+-------------------------+\n| MariaDB                 |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT 0x4D617269614442;\n+------------------+\n| 0x4D617269614442 |\n+------------------+\n| MariaDB          |\n+------------------+\n\nSELECT UNHEX(HEX(\'string\'));\n+----------------------+\n| UNHEX(HEX(\'string\')) |\n+----------------------+\n| string               |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT HEX(UNHEX(\'1267\'));\n+--------------------+\n| HEX(UNHEX(\'1267\')) |\n+--------------------+\n| 1267               |\n+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/unhex/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/unhex/'),
(692,'UPDATEXML',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nUpdateXML(xml_target, xpath_expr, new_xml)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis function replaces a single portion of a given fragment of XML markup\nxml_target with a new XML fragment new_xml, and then returns the changed XML.\nThe portion of xml_target that is replaced matches an XPath expression\nxpath_expr supplied by the user. If no expression matching xpath_expr is\nfound, or if multiple matches are found, the function returns the original\nxml_target XML fragment. All three arguments should be strings.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT\n  UpdateXML(\'<a><b>ccc</b><d></d></a>\', \'/a\', \'<e>fff</e>\') AS val1,\n  UpdateXML(\'<a><b>ccc</b><d></d></a>\', \'/b\', \'<e>fff</e>\') AS val2,\n  UpdateXML(\'<a><b>ccc</b><d></d></a>\', \'//b\', \'<e>fff</e>\') AS val3,\n  UpdateXML(\'<a><b>ccc</b><d></d></a>\', \'/a/d\', \'<e>fff</e>\') AS val4,\n  UpdateXML(\'<a><d></d><b>ccc</b><d></d></a>\', \'/a/d\', \'<e>fff</e>\') AS val5\n  \\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\nval1: <e>fff</e>\nval2: <a><b>ccc</b><d></d></a>\nval3: <a><e>fff</e><d></d></a>\nval4: <a><b>ccc</b><e>fff</e></a>\nval5: <a><d></d><b>ccc</b><d></d></a>\n1 row in set (0.00 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/updatexml/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/updatexml/'),
(699,'ALTER EVENT',38,'Modifies one or more characteristics of an existing event.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nALTER\n  [DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }]\n  EVENT event_name\n  [ON SCHEDULE schedule]\n  [ON COMPLETION [NOT] PRESERVE]\n  [RENAME TO new_event_name]\n  [ENABLE | DISABLE | DISABLE ON SLAVE]\n  [COMMENT \'comment\']\n  [DO sql_statement]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe ALTER EVENT statement is used to change one or more of the characteristics\nof an existing event without the need to drop and recreate it. The syntax for\neach of the DEFINER, ON SCHEDULE, ON COMPLETION, COMMENT, ENABLE / DISABLE,\nand DO clauses is exactly the same as when used with CREATE EVENT.\n\nThis statement requires the EVENT privilege. When a user executes a successful\nALTER EVENT statement, that user becomes the definer for the affected event.\n\n(In MySQL 5.1.11 and earlier, an event could be altered only by its definer,\nor by a user having the SUPER privilege.)\n\nALTER EVENT works only with an existing event:\n\nALTER EVENT no_such_event ON SCHEDULE EVERY \'2:3\' DAY_HOUR;\nERROR 1539 (HY000): Unknown event \'no_such_event\'\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nALTER EVENT myevent \n ON SCHEDULE AT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 2 HOUR\n DO\n  UPDATE myschema.mytable SET mycol = mycol + 1;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-event/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-event/'),
(700,'ALTER FUNCTION',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nALTER FUNCTION func_name [characteristic ...]\n\ncharacteristic:\n  { CONTAINS SQL | NO SQL | READS SQL DATA | MODIFIES SQL DATA }\n | SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }\n | COMMENT \'string\'\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement can be used to change the characteristics of a stored function.\nMore than one change may be specified in an ALTER FUNCTION statement. However,\nyou cannot change the parameters or body of a stored function using this\nstatement; to make such changes, you must drop and re-create the function\nusing DROP FUNCTION and CREATE FUNCTION.\n\nYou must have the ALTER ROUTINE privilege for the function. (That privilege is\ngranted automatically to the function creator.) If binary logging is enabled,\nthe ALTER FUNCTION statement might also require the SUPER privilege, as\ndescribed in Binary Logging of Stored Routines.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nALTER FUNCTION hello SQL SECURITY INVOKER;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-function/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-function/'),
(694,'WEIGHT_STRING',36,'Syntax\n------\n\nWEIGHT_STRING(str [AS {CHAR|BINARY}(N)] [LEVEL levels] [flags])\n levels: N [ASC|DESC|REVERSE] [, N [ASC|DESC|REVERSE]] ...\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a binary string representing the string\'s sorting and comparison\nvalue. A string with a lower result means that for sorting purposes the string\nappears before a string with a higher result.\n\nWEIGHT_STRING() is particularly useful when adding new collations, for testing\npurposes.\n\nIf str is a non-binary string (CHAR, VARCHAR or TEXT), WEIGHT_STRING returns\nthe string\'s collation weight. If str is a binary string (BINARY, VARBINARY or\nBLOB), the return value is simply the input value, since the weight for each\nbyte in a binary string is the byte value.\n\nWEIGHT_STRING() returns NULL if given a NULL input.\n\nThe optional AS clause permits casting the input string to a binary or\nnon-binary string, as well as to a particular length.\n\nAS BINARY(N) measures the length in bytes rather than characters, and right\npads with 0x00 bytes to the desired length.\n\nAS CHAR(N) measures the length in characters, and right pads with spaces to\nthe desired length.\n\nN has a minimum value of 1, and if it is less than the length of the input\nstring, the string is truncated without warning.\n\nThe optional LEVEL clause specifies that the return value should contain\nweights for specific collation levels. The levels specifier can either be a\nsingle integer, a comma-separated list of integers, or a range of integers\nseparated by a dash (whitespace is ignored). Integers can range from 1 to a\nmaximum of 6, dependent on the collation, and need to be listed in ascending\norder.\n\nIf the LEVEL clause is no provided, a default of 1 to the maximum for the\ncollation is assumed.\n\nIf the LEVEL is specified without using a range, an optional modifier is\npermitted.\n\nASC, the default, returns the weights without any modification.\n\nDESC returns bitwise-inverted weights.\n\nREVERSE returns the weights in reverse order.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nThe examples below use the HEX() function to represent non-printable results\nin hexadecimal format.\n\nSELECT HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(\'x\'));\n+-------------------------+\n| HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(\'x\')) |\n+-------------------------+\n| 0058                    |\n+-------------------------+\n\nSELECT HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(\'x\' AS BINARY(4)));\n+--------------------------------------+\n| HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(\'x\' AS BINARY(4))) |\n+--------------------------------------+\n| 78000000                             |\n+--------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(\'x\' AS CHAR(4)));\n+------------------------------------+\n| HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(\'x\' AS CHAR(4))) |\n+------------------------------------+\n| 0058002000200020                   |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(0xaa22ee LEVEL 1));\n+--------------------------------------+\n| HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(0xaa22ee LEVEL 1)) |\n+--------------------------------------+\n| AA22EE                               |\n+--------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(0xaa22ee LEVEL 1 DESC));\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(0xaa22ee LEVEL 1 DESC)) |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n| 55DD11                                    |\n+-------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(0xaa22ee LEVEL 1 REVERSE));\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| HEX(WEIGHT_STRING(0xaa22ee LEVEL 1 REVERSE)) |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n| EE22AA                                       |\n+----------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/weight_string/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/weight_string/'),
(702,'ALTER PROCEDURE',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nALTER PROCEDURE proc_name [characteristic ...]\n\ncharacteristic:\n  { CONTAINS SQL | NO SQL | READS SQL DATA | MODIFIES SQL DATA }\n | SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }\n | COMMENT \'string\'\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement can be used to change the characteristics of a stored\nprocedure. More than one change may be specified in an ALTER PROCEDURE\nstatement. However, you cannot change the parameters or body of a stored\nprocedure using this statement. To make such changes, you must drop and\nre-create the procedure using either CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE (since\nMariaDB 10.1.3) or DROP PROCEDURE and CREATE PROCEDURE (MariaDB 10.1.2 and\nbefore).\n\nYou must have the ALTER ROUTINE privilege for the procedure. By default, that\nprivilege is granted automatically to the procedure creator. See Stored\nRoutine Privileges.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nALTER PROCEDURE simpleproc SQL SECURITY INVOKER;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-procedure/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-procedure/'),
(705,'ALTER VIEW',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nALTER\n  [ALGORITHM = {UNDEFINED | MERGE | TEMPTABLE}]\n  [DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }]\n  [SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }]\n  VIEW view_name [(column_list)]\n  AS select_statement\n  [WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement changes the definition of a view, which must exist. The syntax\nis similar to that for CREATE VIEW and the effect is the same as for CREATE OR\nREPLACE VIEW if the view exists. This statement requires the CREATE VIEW and\nDROP privileges for the view, and some privilege for each column referred to\nin the SELECT statement. ALTER VIEW is allowed only to the definer or users\nwith the SUPER privilege.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nALTER VIEW v AS SELECT a, a*3 AS a2 FROM t;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-view/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-view/'),
(695,'Type Conversion',36,'Implicit type conversion takes place when MariaDB is using operands or\ndifferent types, in order to make the operands compatible.\n\nIt is best practice not to rely upon implicit conversion; rather use CAST to\nexplicitly convert types.\n\nRules for Conversion on Comparison\n----------------------------------\n\n* If  either argument is NULL, the result of the comparison is NULL unless the\nNULL-safe <=> equality comparison operator is used.\n* If both arguments are integers, they are compared as integers.\n* If both arguments are strings, they are compared as strings.\n* If one argument is decimal and the other argument is decimal or integer,\nthey are compared as decimals.\n* If one argument is decimal and the other argument is a floating point, they\nare compared as floating point values.\n* If one argument is string and the other argument is integer, they are\ncompared as decimals. This conversion was added in MariaDB 10.3.36. Prior to\n10.3.36, this combination was compared as floating point values, which did not\nalways work well for huge 64-bit integers because of a possible precision loss\non conversion to double.\n* If a hexadecimal argument is not compared to a number, it is treated as a\nbinary string.\n* If a constant is compared to a TIMESTAMP or DATETIME, the constant is\nconverted to a timestamp, unless used as an argument to the IN function.\n* In other cases, arguments are compared as floating point, or real, numbers.\n\nNote that if a string column is being compared with a numeric value, MariaDB\nwill not use the index on the column, as there are numerous alternatives that\nmay evaluate as equal (see examples below).\n\nComparison Examples\n-------------------\n\nConverting a string to a number:\n\nSELECT 15+\'15\';\n+---------+\n| 15+\'15\' |\n+---------+\n|      30 |\n+---------+\n\nConverting a number to a string:\n\nSELECT CONCAT(15,\'15\');\n+-----------------+\n| CONCAT(15,\'15\') |\n+-----------------+\n| 1515            |\n+-----------------+\n\nFloating point number errors:\n\nSELECT \'9746718491924563214\' = 9746718491924563213;\n+---------------------------------------------+\n| \'9746718491924563214\' = 9746718491924563213 |\n+---------------------------------------------+\n|                                           1 |\n+---------------------------------------------+\n\nNumeric equivalence with strings:\n\nSELECT \'5\' = 5;\n+---------+\n| \'5\' = 5 |\n+---------+\n|       1 |\n+---------+\n\nSELECT \'   5\' = 5;\n+------------+\n| \'   5\' = 5 |\n+------------+\n|          1 |\n+------------+\n\nSELECT \'   5  \' = 5;\n+--------------+\n| \'   5  \' = 5 |\n+--------------+\n|            1 |\n+--------------+\n1 row in set, 1 warning (0.000 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+-------+------+--------------------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message                                    |\n+-------+------+--------------------------------------------+\n| Note  | 1292 | Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: \'   5  \' |\n+-------+------+--------------------------------------------+\n\nAs a result of the above, MariaDB cannot use the index when comparing a string\nwith a numeric value in the example below:\n\nCREATE TABLE t (a VARCHAR(10), b VARCHAR(10), INDEX idx_a (a));\n\nINSERT INTO t VALUES \n (\'1\', \'1\'), (\'2\', \'2\'), (\'3\', \'3\'),\n (\'4\', \'4\'), (\'5\', \'5\'), (\'1\', \'5\');\n\nEXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t WHERE a = \'3\' \\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n     id: 1\n select_type: SIMPLE\n    table: t\n    type: ref\npossible_keys: idx_a\n     key: idx_a\n   key_len: 13\n     ref: const\n    rows: 1\n    Extra: Using index condition\n\nEXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t WHERE a = 3 \\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n     id: 1\n select_type: SIMPLE\n    table: t\n    type: ALL\npossible_keys: idx_a\n     key: NULL\n   key_len: NULL\n     ref: NULL\n    rows: 6\n    Extra: Using where\n\nRules for Conversion on Dyadic Arithmetic Operations\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nImplicit type conversion also takes place on dyadic arithmetic operations\n(+,-,*,/). MariaDB chooses the minimum data type that is guaranteed to fit the\nresult and converts both arguments to the result data type.\n\nFor addition (+), subtraction (-) and multiplication (*), the result data type\nis chosen as follows:\n\n* If either of the arguments is an approximate number (float, double), the\nresult is double.\n* If either of the arguments is a string (char, varchar, text), the result is\ndouble.\n* If either of the arguments is a decimal number, the result is decimal.\n* If either of the arguments is of a temporal type with a non-zero fractional\nsecond precision (time(N), datetime(N), timestamp(N)), the result is decimal.\n* If either of the arguments is of a temporal type with a zero fractional\nsecond precision (time(0), date, datetime(0), timestamp(0)), the result may\nvary between int, int unsigned, bigint or bigint unsigned, depending on the\nexact data type combination.\n* If both arguments are integer numbers (tinyint, smallint, mediumint,\nbigint), the result may vary between int, int unsigned, bigint or bigint\nunsigned, depending of the exact data types and their signs.\n\nFor division (/), the result data type is chosen as follows:\n\n* If either of the arguments is an approximate number (float, double), the\nresult is double.\n* If either of the arguments is a string (char, varchar, text), the result is\ndouble.\n* Otherwise, the result is decimal.\n\nArithmetic Examples\n-------------------\n\nNote, the above rules mean that when an argument of a temporal data type\nappears in addition or subtraction, it\'s treated as a number by default.\n\nSELECT TIME\'10:20:30\' + 1;\n+--------------------+\n| TIME\'10:20:30\' + 1 |\n+--------------------+\n|             102031 |\n+--------------------+\n\nIn order to do temporal addition or subtraction instead, use the DATE_ADD() or\nDATE_SUB() functions, or an INTERVAL expression as the second argument:\n\nSELECT TIME\'10:20:30\' + INTERVAL 1 SECOND;\n+------------------------------------+\n| TIME\'10:20:30\' + INTERVAL 1 SECOND |\n+------------------------------------+\n| 10:20:31                           |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT \"2.2\" + 3;\n+-----------+\n| \"2.2\" + 3 |\n+-----------+\n|       5.2 |\n+-----------+\n\nSELECT 2.2 + 3;\n+---------+\n| 2.2 + 3 |\n+---------+\n| 5.2     |\n+---------+\n\nSELECT 2.2 / 3;\n+---------+\n| 2.2 / 3 |\n+---------+\n| 0.73333 |\n+---------+\n\nSELECT \"2.2\" / 3;\n+--------------------+\n| \"2.2\" / 3          |\n+--------------------+\n| 0.7333333333333334 |\n+--------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/type-conversion/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/type-conversion/'),
(698,'ALTER DATABASE',38,'Modifies a database, changing its overall characteristics.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nALTER {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [db_name]\n  alter_specification ...\nALTER {DATABASE | SCHEMA} db_name\n  UPGRADE DATA DIRECTORY NAME\n\nalter_specification:\n  [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name\n | [DEFAULT] COLLATE [=] collation_name\n | COMMENT [=] \'comment\'\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nALTER DATABASE enables you to change the overall characteristics of a\ndatabase. These characteristics are stored in the db.opt file in the database\ndirectory. To use ALTER DATABASE, you need the ALTER privilege on the\ndatabase. ALTER SCHEMA is a synonym for ALTER DATABASE.\n\nThe CHARACTER SET clause changes the default database character set. The\nCOLLATE clause changes the default database collation. See Character Sets and\nCollations for more.\n\nYou can see what character sets and collations are available using,\nrespectively, the SHOW CHARACTER SET and SHOW COLLATION statements.\n\nChanging the default character set/collation of a database does not change the\ncharacter set/collation of any stored procedures or stored functions that were\npreviously created, and relied on the defaults. These need to be dropped and\nrecreated in order to apply the character set/collation changes.\n\nThe database name can be omitted from the first syntax, in which case the\nstatement applies to the default database.\n\nThe syntax that includes the UPGRADE DATA DIRECTORY NAME clause was added in\nMySQL 5.1.23. It updates the name of the directory associated with the\ndatabase to use the encoding implemented in MySQL 5.1 for mapping database\nnames to database directory names (see Identifier to File Name Mapping). This\nclause is for use under these conditions:\n\n* It is intended when upgrading MySQL to 5.1 or later from older versions.\n* It is intended to update a database directory name to the current encoding\nformat if the name contains special characters that need encoding.\n* The statement is used by mariadb-check (as invoked by mariadb-upgrade).\n\nFor example,if a database in MySQL 5.0 has a name of a-b-c, the name contains\ninstance of the `-\' character. In 5.0, the database directory is also named\na-b-c, which is not necessarily safe for all file systems. In MySQL 5.1 and\nup, the same database name is encoded as a@002db@002dc to produce a file\nsystem-neutral directory name.\n\nWhen a MySQL installation is upgraded to MySQL 5.1 or later from an older\nversion,the server displays a name such as a-b-c (which is in the old format)\nas #mysql50#a-b-c, and you must refer to the name using the #mysql50# prefix.\nUse UPGRADE DATA DIRECTORY NAME in this case to explicitly tell the server to\nre-encode the database directory name to the current encoding format:\n\nALTER DATABASE `#mysql50#a-b-c` UPGRADE DATA DIRECTORY NAME;\n\nAfter executing this statement, you can refer to the database as a-b-c without\nthe special #mysql50# prefix.\n\nCOMMENT\n-------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.0\n----------------------------\nFrom MariaDB 10.5.0, it is possible to add a comment of a maximum of 1024\nbytes. If the comment length exceeds this length, a error/warning code 4144 is\nthrown. The database comment is also added to the db.opt file, as well as to\nthe information_schema.schemata table.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nALTER DATABASE test CHARACTER SET=\'utf8\'  COLLATE=\'utf8_bin\';\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.5.0:\n\nALTER DATABASE p COMMENT=\'Presentations\';\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-database/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-database/'),
(708,'RENAME TABLE',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nRENAME TABLE[S] [IF EXISTS] tbl_name \n [WAIT n | NOWAIT]\n TO new_tbl_name\n  [, tbl_name2 TO new_tbl_name2] ...\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement renames one or more tables or views, but not the privileges\nassociated with them.\n\nIF EXISTS\n---------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.2\n----------------------------\nIf this directive is used, one will not get an error if the table to be\nrenamed doesn\'t exist.\n\nThe rename operation is done atomically, which means that no other session can\naccess any of the tables while the rename is running. For example, if you have\nan existing table old_table, you can create another table new_table that has\nthe same structure but is empty, and then replace the existing table with the\nempty one as follows (assuming that backup_table does not already exist):\n\nCREATE TABLE new_table (...);\nRENAME TABLE old_table TO backup_table, new_table TO old_table;\n\ntbl_name can optionally be specified as db_name.tbl_name. See Identifier\nQualifiers. This allows to use RENAME to move a table from a database to\nanother (as long as they are on the same filesystem):\n\nRENAME TABLE db1.t TO db2.t;\n\nNote that moving a table to another database is not possible if it has some\ntriggers. Trying to do so produces the following error:\n\nERROR 1435 (HY000): Trigger in wrong schema\n\nAlso, views cannot be moved to another database:\n\nERROR 1450 (HY000): Changing schema from \'old_db\' to \'new_db\' is not allowed.\n\nMultiple tables can be renamed in a single statement. The presence or absence\nof the optional S (RENAME TABLE or RENAME TABLES) has no impact, whether a\nsingle or multiple tables are being renamed.\n\nIf a RENAME TABLE renames more than one table and one renaming fails, all\nrenames executed by the same statement are rolled back.\n\nRenames are always executed in the specified order. Knowing this, it is also\npossible to swap two tables\' names:\n\nRENAME TABLE t1 TO tmp_table,\n  t2 TO t1,\n  tmp_table TO t2;\n\nWAIT/NOWAIT\n-----------\n\nSet the lock wait timeout. See WAIT and NOWAIT.\n\nPrivileges\n----------\n\nExecuting the RENAME TABLE statement requires the DROP, CREATE and INSERT\nprivileges for the table or the database.\n\nAtomic RENAME TABLE\n-------------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.6.1\n----------------------------\nFrom MariaDB 10.6, RENAME TABLE is atomic for most engines, including InnoDB,\nMyRocks, MyISAM and Aria (MDEV-23842). This means that if there is a crash\n(server down or power outage) during RENAME TABLE, all tables will revert to\ntheir original names and any changes to trigger files will be reverted.\n\nIn older MariaDB version there was a small chance that, during a server crash\nhappening in the middle of RENAME TABLE, some tables could have been renamed\n(in the worst case partly) while others would not be renamed.\n\nSee Atomic DDL for more information.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/rename-table/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/rename-table/'),
(707,'DROP TABLE',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nDROP [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF EXISTS] [/*COMMENT TO SAVE*/]\n  tbl_name [, tbl_name] ...\n  [WAIT n|NOWAIT]\n  [RESTRICT | CASCADE]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nDROP TABLE removes one or more tables. You must have the DROP privilege for\neach table. All table data and the table definition are removed, as well as\ntriggers associated to the table, so be careful with this statement! If any of\nthe tables named in the argument list do not exist, MariaDB returns an error\nindicating by name which non-existing tables it was unable to drop, but it\nalso drops all of the tables in the list that do exist.\n\nImportant: When a table is dropped, user privileges on the table are not\nautomatically dropped. See GRANT.\n\nIf another thread is using the table in an explicit transaction or an\nautocommit transaction, then the thread acquires a metadata lock (MDL) on the\ntable. The DROP TABLE statement will wait in the \"Waiting for table metadata\nlock\" thread state until the MDL is released. MDLs are released in the\nfollowing cases:\n\n* If an MDL is acquired in an explicit transaction, then the MDL will be\nreleased when the transaction ends.\n* If an MDL is acquired in an autocommit transaction, then the MDL will be\nreleased when the statement ends.\n* Transactional and non-transactional tables are handled the same.\n\nNote that for a partitioned table, DROP TABLE permanently removes the table\ndefinition, all of its partitions, and all of the data which was stored in\nthose partitions. It also removes the partitioning definition (.par) file\nassociated with the dropped table.\n\nFor each referenced table, DROP TABLE drops a temporary table with that name,\nif it exists. If it does not exist, and the TEMPORARY keyword is not used, it\ndrops a non-temporary table with the same name, if it exists. The TEMPORARY\nkeyword ensures that a non-temporary table will not accidentally be dropped.\n\nUse IF EXISTS to prevent an error from occurring for tables that do not exist.\nA NOTE is generated for each non-existent table when using IF EXISTS. See SHOW\nWARNINGS.\n\nIf a foreign key references this table, the table cannot be dropped. In this\ncase, it is necessary to drop the foreign key first.\n\nRESTRICT and CASCADE are allowed to make porting from other database systems\neasier. In MariaDB, they do nothing.\n\nThe comment before the table names (/*COMMENT TO SAVE*/) is stored in the\nbinary log. That feature can be used by replication tools to send their\ninternal messages.\n\nIt is possible to specify table names as db_name.tab_name. This is useful to\ndelete tables from multiple databases with one statement. See Identifier\nQualifiers for details.\n\nThe DROP privilege is required to use DROP TABLE on non-temporary tables. For\ntemporary tables, no privilege is required, because such tables are only\nvisible for the current session.\n\nNote: DROP TABLE automatically commits the current active transaction, unless\nyou use the TEMPORARY keyword.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.4\n----------------------------\nFrom MariaDB 10.5.4, DROP TABLE reliably deletes table remnants inside a\nstorage engine even if the .frm file is missing. Before then, a missing .frm\nfile would result in the statement failing.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.3.1\n----------------------------\n\nWAIT/NOWAIT\n-----------\n\nSet the lock wait timeout. See WAIT and NOWAIT.\n\nDROP TABLE in replication\n-------------------------\n\nDROP TABLE has the following characteristics in replication:\n\n* DROP TABLE IF EXISTS are always logged.\n* DROP TABLE without IF EXISTS for tables that don\'t exist are not written to\nthe binary log.\n* Dropping of TEMPORARY tables are prefixed in the log with TEMPORARY. These\ndrops are only logged when running statement or mixed mode replication.\n* One DROP TABLE statement can be logged with up to 3 different DROP\nstatements:\nDROP TEMPORARY TABLE list_of_non_transactional_temporary_tables\nDROP TEMPORARY TABLE list_of_transactional_temporary_tables\nDROP TABLE list_of_normal_tables\n\nDROP TABLE on the primary is treated on the replica as DROP TABLE IF EXISTS.\nYou can change that by setting slave-ddl-exec-mode to STRICT.\n\nDropping an Internal #sql-... Table\n-----------------------------------\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.6, DROP TABLE is atomic and the following does not apply.\nUntil MariaDB 10.5, if the mariadbd/mysqld process is killed during an ALTER\nTABLE you may find a table named #sql-... in your data directory. In MariaDB\n10.3, InnoDB tables with this prefix will be deleted automatically during\nstartup. From MariaDB 10.4, these temporary tables will always be deleted\nautomatically.\n\nIf you want to delete one of these tables explicitly you can do so by using\nthe following syntax:\n\nDROP TABLE `#mysql50##sql-...`;\n\nWhen running an ALTER TABLE…ALGORITHM=INPLACE that rebuilds the table, InnoDB\nwill create an internal #sql-ib table. Until MariaDB 10.3.2, for these tables,\nthe .frm file will be called something else. In order to drop such a table\nafter a server crash, you must rename the #sql*.frm file to match the\n#sql-ib*.ibd file.\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.3.3, the same name as the .frm file is used for the\nintermediate copy of the table. The #sql-ib names are used by TRUNCATE and\ndelayed DROP.\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.2.19 and MariaDB 10.3.10, the #sql-ib tables will be deleted\nautomatically.\n\nDropping All Tables in a Database\n---------------------------------\n\nThe best way to drop all tables in a database is by executing DROP DATABASE,\nwhich will drop the database itself, and all tables in it.\n\nHowever, if you want to drop all tables in the database, but you also want to\nkeep the database itself and any other non-table objects in it, then you would\nneed to execute DROP TABLE to drop each individual table. You can construct\nthese DROP TABLE commands by querying the TABLES table in the\ninformation_schema database. For example:\n\nSELECT CONCAT(\'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `\', TABLE_SCHEMA, \'`.`\', TABLE_NAME, \'`;\')\nFROM information_schema.TABLES\nWHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = \'mydb\';\n\nAtomic DROP TABLE\n-----------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.6.1\n----------------------------\nFrom MariaDB 10.6, DROP TABLE for a single table is atomic (MDEV-25180) for\nmost engines, including InnoDB, MyRocks, MyISAM and Aria.\n\nThis means that if there is a crash (server down or power outage) during DROP\nTABLE, all tables that have been processed so far will be completely dropped,\nincluding related trigger files and status entries, and the binary log will\ninclude a DROP TABLE statement for the dropped tables. Tables for which the\ndrop had not started will be left intact.\n\nIn older MariaDB versions, there was a small chance that, during a server\ncrash happening in the middle of DROP TABLE, some storage engines that were\nusing multiple storage files, like MyISAM, could have only a part of its\ninternal files dropped.\n\nIn MariaDB 10.5, DROP TABLE was extended to be able to delete a table that was\nonly partly dropped (MDEV-11412) as explained above. Atomic DROP TABLE is the\nfinal piece to make DROP TABLE fully reliable.\n\nDropping multiple tables is crash-safe.\n\nSee Atomic DDL for more information.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nDROP TABLE Employees, Customers;\n\nNotes\n-----\n\nBeware that DROP TABLE can drop both tables and sequences. This is mainly done\nto allow old tools like mariadb-dump (previously mysqldump) to work with\nsequences.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-table/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-table/'),
(709,'TRUNCATE TABLE',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nTRUNCATE [TABLE] tbl_name\n [WAIT n | NOWAIT]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nTRUNCATE TABLE empties a table completely. It requires the DROP privilege. See\nGRANT.\n\ntbl_name can also be specified in the form db_name.tbl_name (see Identifier\nQualifiers).\n\nLogically, TRUNCATE TABLE is equivalent to a DELETE statement that deletes all\nrows, but there are practical differences under some circumstances.\n\nTRUNCATE TABLE will fail for an InnoDB table if any FOREIGN KEY constraints\nfrom other tables reference the table, returning the error:\n\nERROR 1701 (42000): Cannot truncate a table referenced in a foreign key\nconstraint\n\nForeign Key constraints between columns in the same table are permitted.\n\nFor an InnoDB table, if there are no FOREIGN KEY constraints, InnoDB performs\nfast truncation by dropping the original table and creating an empty one with\nthe same definition, which is much faster than deleting rows one by one. The\nAUTO_INCREMENT counter is reset by TRUNCATE TABLE, regardless of whether there\nis a FOREIGN KEY constraint.\n\nThe count of rows affected by TRUNCATE TABLE is accurate only when it is\nmapped to a DELETE statement.\n\nFor other storage engines, TRUNCATE TABLE differs from DELETE in the following\nways:\n\n* Truncate operations drop and re-create the table, which is much\n faster than deleting rows one by one, particularly for large tables.\n* Truncate operations cause an implicit commit.\n* Truncation operations cannot be performed if the session holds an\n active table lock.\n* Truncation operations do not return a meaningful value for the number\n of deleted rows. The usual result is \"0 rows affected,\" which should\n be interpreted as \"no information.\"\n* As long as the table format file tbl_name.frm is valid, the\n table can be re-created as an empty table\n with TRUNCATE TABLE, even if the data or index files have become\n corrupted.\n* The table handler does not remember the last\n used AUTO_INCREMENT value, but starts counting\n from the beginning. This is true even for MyISAM and InnoDB, which normally\n do not reuse sequence values.\n* When used with partitioned tables, TRUNCATE TABLE preserves\n the partitioning; that is, the data and index files are dropped and\n re-created, while the partition definitions (.par) file is\n unaffected.\n* Since truncation of a table does not make any use of DELETE,\n the TRUNCATE statement does not invoke ON DELETE triggers.\n* TRUNCATE TABLE will only reset the values in the Performance Schema summary\ntables to zero or null, and will not remove the rows.\n\nFor the purposes of binary logging and replication, TRUNCATE TABLE is treated\nas DROP TABLE followed by CREATE TABLE (DDL rather than DML).\n\nTRUNCATE TABLE does not work on views. Currently, TRUNCATE TABLE drops all\nhistorical records from a system-versioned table.\n\nWAIT/NOWAIT\n-----------\n\nSet the lock wait timeout. See WAIT and NOWAIT.\n\nOracle-mode\n-----------\n\nOracle-mode from MariaDB 10.3 permits the optional keywords REUSE STORAGE or\nDROP STORAGE to be used.\n\nTRUNCATE [TABLE] tbl_name [{DROP | REUSE} STORAGE] [WAIT n | NOWAIT]\n\nThese have no effect on the operation.\n\nPerformance\n-----------\n\nTRUNCATE TABLE is faster than DELETE, because it drops and re-creates a table.\n\nWith InnoDB, TRUNCATE TABLE is slower if innodb_file_per_table=ON is set (the\ndefault). This is because TRUNCATE TABLE unlinks the underlying tablespace\nfile, which can be an expensive operation. See MDEV-8069 for more details.\n\nThe performance issues with innodb_file_per_table=ON can be exacerbated in\ncases where the InnoDB buffer pool is very large and\ninnodb_adaptive_hash_index=ON is set. In that case, using DROP TABLE followed\nby CREATE TABLE instead of TRUNCATE TABLE may perform better. Setting\ninnodb_adaptive_hash_index=OFF (it defaults to ON before MariaDB 10.5) can\nalso help. In MariaDB 10.2 only, from MariaDB 10.2.19, this performance can\nalso be improved by setting innodb_safe_truncate=OFF. See MDEV-9459 for more\ndetails.\n\nSetting innodb_adaptive_hash_index=OFF can also improve TRUNCATE TABLE\nperformance in general. See MDEV-16796 for more details.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/truncate-table/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/truncate-table/'),
(710,'CREATE DATABASE',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nCREATE [OR REPLACE] {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [IF NOT EXISTS] db_name\n  [create_specification] ...\n\ncreate_specification:\n  [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name\n | [DEFAULT] COLLATE [=] collation_name\n | COMMENT [=] \'comment\'\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nCREATE DATABASE creates a database with the given name. To use this statement,\nyou need the CREATE privilege for the database. CREATE SCHEMA is a synonym for\nCREATE DATABASE.\n\nFor valid identifiers to use as database names, see Identifier Names.\n\nOR REPLACE\n----------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.1.3\n----------------------------\nThe OR REPLACE clause was added in MariaDB 10.1.3\n\nIf the optional OR REPLACE clause is used, it acts as a shortcut for:\n\nDROP DATABASE IF EXISTS db_name;\nCREATE DATABASE db_name ...;\n\nIF NOT EXISTS\n-------------\n\nWhen the IF NOT EXISTS clause is used, MariaDB will return a warning instead\nof an error if the specified database already exists.\n\nCOMMENT\n-------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.0\n----------------------------\nFrom MariaDB 10.5.0, it is possible to add a comment of a maximum of 1024\nbytes. If the comment length exceeds this length, a error/warning code 4144 is\nthrown. The database comment is also added to the db.opt file, as well as to\nthe information_schema.schemata table.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE DATABASE db1;\nQuery OK, 1 row affected (0.18 sec)\n\nCREATE DATABASE db1;\nERROR 1007 (HY000): Can\'t create database \'db1\'; database exists\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE DATABASE db1;\nQuery OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)\n\nCREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS db1;\nQuery OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+-------+------+----------------------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message                                      |\n+-------+------+----------------------------------------------+\n| Note  | 1007 | Can\'t create database \'db1\'; database exists |\n+-------+------+----------------------------------------------+\n\nSetting the character sets and collation. See Setting Character Sets and\nCollations for more details.\n\nCREATE DATABASE czech_slovak_names \n CHARACTER SET = \'keybcs2\'\n COLLATE = \'keybcs2_bin\';\n\nComments, from MariaDB 10.5.0:\n\nCREATE DATABASE presentations COMMENT \'Presentations for conferences\';\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-database/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-database/'),
(711,'CREATE EVENT',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nCREATE [OR REPLACE]\n  [DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER | role | CURRENT_ROLE }]\n  EVENT\n  [IF NOT EXISTS]\n  event_name\n  ON SCHEDULE schedule\n  [ON COMPLETION [NOT] PRESERVE]\n  [ENABLE | DISABLE | DISABLE ON SLAVE]\n  [COMMENT \'comment\']\n  DO sql_statement;\n\nschedule:\n  AT timestamp [+ INTERVAL interval] ...\n | EVERY interval\n  [STARTS timestamp [+ INTERVAL interval] ...]\n  [ENDS timestamp [+ INTERVAL interval] ...]\n\ninterval:\n  quantity {YEAR | QUARTER | MONTH | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE |\n       WEEK | SECOND | YEAR_MONTH | DAY_HOUR | DAY_MINUTE |\n       DAY_SECOND | HOUR_MINUTE | HOUR_SECOND | MINUTE_SECOND}\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement creates and schedules a new event. It requires the EVENT\nprivilege for the schema in which the event is to be created.\n\nThe minimum requirements for a valid CREATE EVENT statement are as follows:\n\n* The keywords CREATE EVENT plus an event name, which uniquely identifies\n the event in the current schema. (Prior to MySQL 5.1.12, the event name\n needed to be unique only among events created by the same user on a given\n database.)\n* An ON SCHEDULE clause, which determines when and how often the event\n executes.\n* A DO clause, which contains the SQL statement to be executed by an\n event.\n\nHere is an example of a minimal CREATE EVENT statement:\n\nCREATE EVENT myevent\n  ON SCHEDULE AT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 HOUR\n  DO\n   UPDATE myschema.mytable SET mycol = mycol + 1;\n\nThe previous statement creates an event named myevent. This event executes\nonce — one hour following its creation — by running an SQL statement that\nincrements the value of the myschema.mytable table\'s mycol column by 1.\n\nThe event_name must be a valid MariaDB identifier with a maximum length of 64\ncharacters. It may be delimited using back ticks, and may be qualified with\nthe name of a database schema. An event is associated with both a MariaDB user\n(the definer) and a schema, and its name must be unique among names of events\nwithin that schema. In general, the rules governing event names are the same\nas those for names of stored routines. See Identifier Names.\n\nIf no schema is indicated as part of event_name, the default (current) schema\nis assumed.\n\nFor valid identifiers to use as event names, see Identifier Names.\n\nOR REPLACE\n----------\n\nThe OR REPLACE clause was included in MariaDB 10.1.4. If used and the event\nalready exists, instead of an error being returned, the existing event will be\ndropped and replaced by the newly defined event.\n\nIF NOT EXISTS\n-------------\n\nIf the IF NOT EXISTS clause is used, MariaDB will return a warning instead of\nan error if the event already exists. Cannot be used together with OR REPLACE.\n\nON SCHEDULE\n-----------\n\nThe ON SCHEDULE clause can be used to specify when the event must be triggered.\n\nAT\n--\n\nIf you want to execute the event only once (one time event), you can use the\nAT keyword, followed by a timestamp. If you use CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, the event\nacts as soon as it is created. As a convenience, you can add one or more\nintervals to that timestamp. You can also specify a timestamp in the past, so\nthat the event is stored but not triggered, until you modify it via ALTER\nEVENT.\n\nThe following example shows how to create an event that will be triggered\ntomorrow at a certain time:\n\nCREATE EVENT example\nON SCHEDULE AT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 DAY + INTERVAL 3 HOUR\nDO something;\n\nYou can also specify that an event must be triggered at a regular interval\n(recurring event). In such cases, use the EVERY clause followed by the\ninterval.\n\nIf an event is recurring, you can specify when the first execution must happen\nvia the STARTS clause and a maximum time for the last execution via the ENDS\nclause. STARTS and ENDS clauses are followed by a timestamp and, optionally,\none or more intervals. The ENDS clause can specify a timestamp in the past, so\nthat the event is stored but not executed until you modify it via ALTER EVENT.\n\nIn the following example, next month a recurring event will be triggered\nhourly for a week:\n\nCREATE EVENT example\nON SCHEDULE EVERY 1 HOUR\nSTARTS CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 MONTH\nENDS CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 MONTH + INTERVAL 1 WEEK\nDO some_task;\n\nIntervals consist of a quantity and a time unit. The time units are the same\nused for other staments and time functions, except that you can\'t use\nmicroseconds for events. For simple time units, like HOUR or MINUTE, the\nquantity is an integer number, for example \'10 MINUTE\'. For composite time\nunits, like HOUR_MINUTE or HOUR_SECOND, the quantity must be a string with all\ninvolved simple values and their separators, for example \'2:30\' or \'2:30:30\'.\n\nON COMPLETION [NOT] PRESERVE\n----------------------------\n\nThe ON COMPLETION clause can be used to specify if the event must be deleted\nafter its last execution (that is, after its AT or ENDS timestamp is past). By\ndefault, events are dropped when they are expired. To explicitly state that\nthis is the desired behaviour, you can use ON COMPLETION NOT PRESERVE.\nInstead, if you want the event to be preserved, you can use ON COMPLETION\nPRESERVE.\n\nIn you specify ON COMPLETION NOT PRESERVE, and you specify a timestamp in the\npast for AT or ENDS clause, the event will be immediatly dropped. In such\ncases, you will get a Note 1558: \"Event execution time is in the past and ON\nCOMPLETION NOT PRESERVE is set. The event was dropped immediately after\ncreation\".\n\nENABLE/DISABLE/DISABLE ON SLAVE\n-------------------------------\n\nEvents are ENABLEd by default. If you want to stop MariaDB from executing an\nevent, you may specify DISABLE. When it is ready to be activated, you may\nenable it using ALTER EVENT. Another option is DISABLE ON SLAVE, which\nindicates that an event was created on a master and has been replicated to the\nslave, which is prevented from executing the event. If DISABLE ON SLAVE is\nspecifically set, the event will be disabled everywhere. It will not be\nexecuted on the mater or the slaves.\n\nCOMMENT\n-------\n\nThe COMMENT clause may be used to set a comment for the event. Maximum length\nfor comments is 64 characters. The comment is a string, so it must be quoted.\nTo see events comments, you can query the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.EVENTS table (the\ncolumn is named EVENT_COMMENT).\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nMinimal CREATE EVENT statement:\n\nCREATE EVENT myevent\n  ON SCHEDULE AT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 HOUR\n  DO\n   UPDATE myschema.mytable SET mycol = mycol + 1;\n\nAn event that will be triggered tomorrow at a certain time:\n\nCREATE EVENT example\nON SCHEDULE AT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 DAY + INTERVAL 3 HOUR\nDO something;\n\nNext month a recurring event will be triggered hourly for a week:\n\nCREATE EVENT example\nON SCHEDULE EVERY 1 HOUR\nSTARTS CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 MONTH\nENDS CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 MONTH + INTERVAL 1 WEEK\nDO some_task;\n\nOR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS:\n\nCREATE EVENT myevent\n  ON SCHEDULE AT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 HOUR\n  DO\n   UPDATE myschema.mytable SET mycol = mycol + 1;\nERROR 1537 (HY000): Event \'myevent\' already exists\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE EVENT myevent\n  ON SCHEDULE AT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 HOUR\n  DO\n   UPDATE myschema.mytable SET mycol = mycol + 1;;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)\n\nCREATE EVENT IF NOT EXISTS myevent\n  ON SCHEDULE AT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 HOUR\n  DO\n   UPDATE myschema.mytable SET mycol = mycol + 1;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+-------+------+--------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message                        |\n+-------+------+--------------------------------+\n| Note  | 1537 | Event \'myevent\' already exists |\n+-------+------+--------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-event/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-event/'),
(713,'CREATE INDEX',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nCREATE [OR REPLACE] [UNIQUE|FULLTEXT|SPATIAL] INDEX \n [IF NOT EXISTS] index_name\n  [index_type]\n  ON tbl_name (index_col_name,...)\n  [WAIT n | NOWAIT]\n  [index_option]\n  [algorithm_option | lock_option] ...\n\nindex_col_name:\n  col_name [(length)] [ASC | DESC]\n\nindex_type:\n  USING {BTREE | HASH | RTREE}\n\nindex_option:\n  [ KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value\n | index_type\n | WITH PARSER parser_name\n | COMMENT \'string\'\n | CLUSTERING={YES| NO} ]\n [ IGNORED | NOT IGNORED ]\n\nalgorithm_option:\n  ALGORITHM [=] {DEFAULT|INPLACE|COPY|NOCOPY|INSTANT}\n\nlock_option:\n  LOCK [=] {DEFAULT|NONE|SHARED|EXCLUSIVE}\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe CREATE INDEX statement is used to add indexes to a table. Indexes can be\ncreated at the same as the table, with the [[|create-table|CREATE TABLE]]\nstatement. In some cases, such as for InnoDB primary keys, doing so during\ncreation is preferable, as adding a primary key will involve rebuilding the\ntable.\n\nThe statement is mapped to an ALTER TABLE statement to create indexes. See\nALTER TABLE. CREATE INDEX cannot be used to create a PRIMARY KEY; use ALTER\nTABLE instead.\n\nIf another connection is using the table, a metadata lock is active, and this\nstatement will wait until the lock is released. This is also true for\nnon-transactional tables.\n\nAnother shortcut, DROP INDEX, allows the removal of an index.\n\nFor valid identifiers to use as index names, see Identifier Names.\n\nNote that KEY_BLOCK_SIZE is currently ignored in CREATE INDEX, although it is\nincluded in the output of SHOW CREATE TABLE.\n\nPrivileges\n----------\n\nExecuting the CREATE INDEX statement requires the INDEX privilege for the\ntable or the database.\n\nOnline DDL\n----------\n\nOnline DDL is supported with the ALGORITHM and LOCK clauses.\n\nSee InnoDB Online DDL Overview for more information on online DDL with InnoDB.\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE INDEX\n-----------------------\n\nIf the OR REPLACE clause is used and if the index already exists, then instead\nof returning an error, the server will drop the existing index and replace it\nwith the newly defined index.\n\nCREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS\n--------------------------\n\nIf the IF NOT EXISTS clause is used, then the index will only be created if an\nindex with the same name does not already exist. If the index already exists,\nthen a warning will be triggered by default.\n\nIndex Definitions\n-----------------\n\nSee CREATE TABLE: Index Definitions for information about index definitions.\n\nWAIT/NOWAIT\n-----------\n\nSet the lock wait timeout. See WAIT and NOWAIT.\n\nALGORITHM\n---------\n\nSee ALTER TABLE: ALGORITHM for more information.\n\nLOCK\n----\n\nSee ALTER TABLE: LOCK for more information.\n\nProgress Reporting\n------------------\n\nMariaDB provides progress reporting for CREATE INDEX statement for clients\nthat support the new progress reporting protocol. For example, if you were\nusing the mariadb client, then the progress report might look like this::\n\nCREATE INDEX i ON tab (num);\nStage: 1 of 2 \'copy to tmp table\'    46% of stage\n\nThe progress report is also shown in the output of the SHOW PROCESSLIST\nstatement and in the contents of the information_schema.PROCESSLIST table.\n\nSee Progress Reporting for more information.\n\nWITHOUT OVERLAPS\n----------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.3\n----------------------------\nThe WITHOUT OVERLAPS clause allows one to constrain a primary or unique index\nsuch that application-time periods cannot overlap.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCreating a unique index:\n\nCREATE UNIQUE INDEX HomePhone ON Employees(Home_Phone);\n\nOR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS:\n\nCREATE INDEX xi ON xx5 (x);\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)\n\nCREATE INDEX xi ON xx5 (x);\nERROR 1061 (42000): Duplicate key name \'xi\'\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE INDEX xi ON xx5 (x);\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)\n\nCREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS xi ON xx5 (x);\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+-------+------+-------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message                 |\n+-------+------+-------------------------+\n| Note  | 1061 | Duplicate key name \'xi\' |\n+-------+------+-------------------------+\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.5.3, creating a unique index for an application-time period\ntable with a WITHOUT OVERLAPS constraint:\n\nCREATE UNIQUE INDEX u ON rooms (room_number, p WITHOUT OVERLAPS);\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-index/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-index/'),
(714,'CREATE PACKAGE',38,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.5\n----------------------------\nOracle-style packages were introduced in MariaDB 10.3.5.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nCREATE\n  [ OR REPLACE]\n  [DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER | role | CURRENT_ROLE }]\n  PACKAGE [ IF NOT EXISTS ]\n  [ db_name . ] package_name\n  [ package_characteristic ... ]\n{ AS | IS }\n  [ package_specification_element ... ]\nEND [ package_name ]\n\npackage_characteristic:\n  COMMENT \'string\'\n | SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }\n\npackage_specification_element:\n  FUNCTION_SYM package_specification_function ;\n | PROCEDURE_SYM package_specification_procedure ;\n\npackage_specification_function:\n  func_name [ ( func_param [, func_param]... ) ]\n  RETURNS func_return_type\n  [ package_routine_characteristic... ]\n\npackage_specification_procedure:\n  proc_name [ ( proc_param [, proc_param]... ) ]\n  [ package_routine_characteristic... ]\n\nfunc_return_type:\n  type\n\nfunc_param:\n  param_name [ IN | OUT | INOUT | IN OUT ] type\n\nproc_param:\n  param_name [ IN | OUT | INOUT | IN OUT ] type\n\ntype:\n  Any valid MariaDB explicit or anchored data type\n\npackage_routine_characteristic:\n   COMMENT  \'string\'\n  | LANGUAGE SQL\n  | { CONTAINS SQL | NO SQL | READS SQL DATA | MODIFIES SQL DATA }\n  | SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe CREATE PACKAGE statement can be used when Oracle SQL_MODE is set.\n\nThe CREATE PACKAGE creates the specification for a stored package (a\ncollection of logically related stored objects). A stored package\nspecification declares public routines (procedures and functions) of the\npackage, but does not implement these routines.\n\nA package whose specification was created by the CREATE PACKAGE statement,\nshould later be implemented using the CREATE PACKAGE BODY statement.\n\nFunction parameter quantifiers IN | OUT | INOUT | IN OUT\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.8.0\n----------------------------\nThe function parameter quantifiers for IN, OUT, INOUT, and IN OUT where added\nin a 10.8.0 preview release. Prior to 10.8.0 quantifiers were supported only\nin procedures.\n\nOUT, INOUT and its equivalent IN OUT, are only valid if called from SET and\nnot SELECT. These quantifiers are especially useful for creating functions and\nprocedures with more than one return value. This allows functions and\nprocedures to be more complex and nested.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET sql_mode=ORACLE;\nDELIMITER $$\nCREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE employee_tools AS\n FUNCTION getSalary(eid INT) RETURN DECIMAL(10,2);\n PROCEDURE raiseSalary(eid INT, amount DECIMAL(10,2));\n PROCEDURE raiseSalaryStd(eid INT);\n PROCEDURE hire(ename TEXT, esalary DECIMAL(10,2));\nEND;\n$$\nDELIMITER ;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-package/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-package/'),
(715,'CREATE PACKAGE BODY',38,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.5\n----------------------------\nOracle-style packages were introduced in MariaDB 10.3.5.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nCREATE [ OR REPLACE ]\n  [DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER | role | CURRENT_ROLE }]\n  PACKAGE BODY\n  [ IF NOT EXISTS ]\n  [ db_name . ] package_name\n  [ package_characteristic... ]\n{ AS | IS }\n  package_implementation_declare_section\n  package_implementation_executable_section\nEND [ package_name]\n\npackage_implementation_declare_section:\n  package_implementation_item_declaration\n   [ package_implementation_item_declaration... ]\n   [ package_implementation_routine_definition... ]\n | package_implementation_routine_definition\n   [ package_implementation_routine_definition...]\n\npackage_implementation_item_declaration:\n  variable_declaration ;\n\nvariable_declaration:\n  variable_name[,...] type [:= expr ]\n\npackage_implementation_routine_definition:\n  FUNCTION package_specification_function\n   [ package_implementation_function_body ] ;\n | PROCEDURE package_specification_procedure\n   [ package_implementation_procedure_body ] ;\n\npackage_implementation_function_body:\n  { AS | IS } package_routine_body [func_name]\n\npackage_implementation_procedure_body:\n  { AS | IS } package_routine_body [proc_name]\n\npackage_routine_body:\n  [ package_routine_declarations ]\n  BEGIN\n   statements [ EXCEPTION exception_handlers ]\n  END\n\npackage_routine_declarations:\n  package_routine_declaration \';\' [package_routine_declaration \';\']...\n\npackage_routine_declaration:\n     variable_declaration\n    | condition_name CONDITION FOR condition_value\n    | user_exception_name EXCEPTION\n    | CURSOR_SYM cursor_name\n     [ ( cursor_formal_parameters ) ]\n     IS select_statement\n    ;\n\npackage_implementation_executable_section:\n     END\n    | BEGIN\n      statement ; [statement ; ]...\n     [EXCEPTION exception_handlers]\n     END\n\nexception_handlers:\n     exception_handler [exception_handler...]\n\nexception_handler:\n     WHEN_SYM condition_value [, condition_value]...\n      THEN_SYM statement ; [statement ;]...\n\ncondition_value:\n     condition_name\n    | user_exception_name\n    | SQLWARNING\n    | SQLEXCEPTION\n    | NOT FOUND\n    | OTHERS_SYM\n    | SQLSTATE [VALUE] sqlstate_value\n    | mariadb_error_code\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe CREATE PACKAGE BODY statement can be used when Oracle SQL_MODE is set.\n\nThe CREATE PACKAGE BODY statement creates the package body for a stored\npackage. The package specification must be previously created using the CREATE\nPACKAGE statement.\n\nA package body provides implementations of the package public routines and can\noptionally have:\n\n* package-wide private variables\n* package private routines\n* forward declarations for private routines\n* an executable initialization section\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET sql_mode=ORACLE;\nDELIMITER $$\nCREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE employee_tools AS\n FUNCTION getSalary(eid INT) RETURN DECIMAL(10,2);\n PROCEDURE raiseSalary(eid INT, amount DECIMAL(10,2));\n PROCEDURE raiseSalaryStd(eid INT);\n PROCEDURE hire(ename TEXT, esalary DECIMAL(10,2));\nEND;\n$$\nCREATE PACKAGE BODY employee_tools AS\n -- package body variables\n stdRaiseAmount DECIMAL(10,2):=500;\n\n-- private routines\n PROCEDURE log (eid INT, ecmnt TEXT) AS\n BEGIN\n  INSERT INTO employee_log (id, cmnt) VALUES (eid, ecmnt);\n END;\n\n-- public routines\n PROCEDURE hire(ename TEXT, esalary DECIMAL(10,2)) AS\n  eid INT;\n BEGIN\n  INSERT INTO employee (name, salary) VALUES (ename, esalary);\n  eid:= last_insert_id();\n  log(eid, \'hire \' || ename);\n END;\n\nFUNCTION getSalary(eid INT) RETURN DECIMAL(10,2) AS\n  nSalary DECIMAL(10,2);\n BEGIN\n  SELECT salary INTO nSalary FROM employee WHERE id=eid;\n  log(eid, \'getSalary id=\' || eid || \' salary=\' || nSalary);\n  RETURN nSalary;\n END;\n\nPROCEDURE raiseSalary(eid INT, amount DECIMAL(10,2)) AS\n BEGIN\n  UPDATE employee SET salary=salary+amount WHERE id=eid;\n  log(eid, \'raiseSalary id=\' || eid || \' amount=\' || amount);\n END;\n\nPROCEDURE raiseSalaryStd(eid INT) AS\n BEGIN\n  raiseSalary(eid, stdRaiseAmount);\n  log(eid, \'raiseSalaryStd id=\' || eid);\n END;\n\nBEGIN\n -- This code is executed when the current session\n -- accesses any of the package routines for the first time\n log(0, \'Session \' || connection_id() || \' \' || current_user || \' started\');\nEND;\n$$\n\nDELIMITER ;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-package-body/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-package-body/'),
(723,'DROP DATABASE',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nDROP {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [IF EXISTS] db_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nDROP DATABASE drops all tables in the database and deletes the database. Be\nvery careful with this statement! To use DROP DATABASE, you need the DROP\nprivilege on the database. DROP SCHEMA is a synonym for DROP DATABASE.\n\nImportant: When a database is dropped, user privileges on the database are not\nautomatically dropped. See GRANT.\n\nIF EXISTS\n---------\n\nUse IF EXISTS to prevent an error from occurring for databases that do not\nexist. A NOTE is generated for each non-existent database when using IF\nEXISTS. See SHOW WARNINGS.\n\nAtomic DDL\n----------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.6.1\n----------------------------\nMariaDB 10.6.1 supports Atomic DDL.\n\nDROP DATABASE is implemented as\n\nloop over all tables\n DROP TABLE table\n\nEach individual DROP TABLE is atomic while DROP DATABASE as a whole is\ncrash-safe.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nDROP DATABASE bufg;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec)\n\nDROP DATABASE bufg;\nERROR 1008 (HY000): Can\'t drop database \'bufg\'; database doesn\'t exist\n\n\\W\nShow warnings enabled.\n\nDROP DATABASE IF EXISTS bufg;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\nNote (Code 1008): Can\'t drop database \'bufg\'; database doesn\'t exist\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-database/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-database/'),
(717,'CREATE SERVER',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nCREATE [OR REPLACE] SERVER [IF NOT EXISTS] server_name\n  FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER wrapper_name\n  OPTIONS (option [, option] ...)\n\noption:\n { HOST character-literal\n | DATABASE character-literal\n | USER character-literal\n | PASSWORD character-literal\n | SOCKET character-literal\n | OWNER character-literal\n | PORT numeric-literal }\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement creates the definition of a server for use with the Spider,\nConnect, FEDERATED or FederatedX storage engine. The CREATE SERVER statement\ncreates a new row within the servers table within the mysql database. This\nstatement requires the SUPER privilege or, from MariaDB 10.5.2, the FEDERATED\nADMIN privilege.\n\nThe server_name should be a unique reference to the server. Server definitions\nare global within the scope of the server, it is not possible to qualify the\nserver definition to a specific database. server_name has a maximum length of\n64 characters (names longer than 64 characters are silently truncated), and is\ncase insensitive. You may specify the name as a quoted string.\n\nThe wrapper_name may be quoted with single quotes. Supported values are:\n\n* mysql\n* mariadb (in MariaDB 10.3 and later)\n\nFor each option you must specify either a character literal or numeric\nliteral. Character literals are UTF-8, support a maximum length of 64\ncharacters and default to a blank (empty) string. String literals are silently\ntruncated to 64 characters. Numeric literals must be a number between 0 and\n9999, default value is 0.\n\nNote: The OWNER option is currently not applied, and has no effect on the\nownership or operation of the server connection that is created.\n\nThe CREATE SERVER statement creates an entry in the mysql.servers table that\ncan later be used with the CREATE TABLE statement when creating a Spider,\nConnect, FederatedX or FEDERATED table. The options that you specify will be\nused to populate the columns in the mysql.servers table. The table columns are\nServer_name, Host, Db, Username, Password, Port and Socket.\n\nDROP SERVER removes a previously created server definition.\n\nCREATE SERVER is not written to the binary log, irrespective of the binary log\nformat being used. From MariaDB 10.1.13, Galera replicates the CREATE SERVER,\nALTER SERVER and DROP SERVER statements.\n\nFor valid identifiers to use as server names, see Identifier Names.\n\nOR REPLACE\n----------\n\nIf the optional OR REPLACE clause is used, it acts as a shortcut for:\n\nDROP SERVER IF EXISTS name;\nCREATE SERVER server_name ...;\n\nIF NOT EXISTS\n-------------\n\nIf the IF NOT EXISTS clause is used, MariaDB will return a warning instead of\nan error if the server already exists. Cannot be used together with OR REPLACE.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE SERVER s\nFOREIGN DATA WRAPPER mysql\nOPTIONS (USER \'Remote\', HOST \'192.168.1.106\', DATABASE \'test\');\n\nOR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS:\n\nCREATE SERVER s \nFOREIGN DATA WRAPPER mysql \nOPTIONS (USER \'Remote\', HOST \'192.168.1.106\', DATABASE \'test\');\nERROR 1476 (HY000): The foreign server, s, you are trying to create already\nexists\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE SERVER s \nFOREIGN DATA WRAPPER mysql \nOPTIONS (USER \'Remote\', HOST \'192.168.1.106\', DATABASE \'test\');\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)\n\nCREATE SERVER IF NOT EXISTS s \nFOREIGN DATA WRAPPER mysql \nOPTIONS (USER \'Remote\', HOST \'192.168.1.106\', DATABASE \'test\');\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------\n+\n| Level | Code | Message                                                      \n |\n+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------\n+\n| Note  | 1476 | The foreign server, s, you are trying to create already\nexists |\n+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------\n+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-server/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-server/'),
(724,'DROP EVENT',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nDROP EVENT [IF EXISTS] event_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement drops the event named event_name. The event immediately ceases\nbeing active, and is deleted completely from the server.\n\nIf the event does not exist, the error ERROR 1517 (HY000): Unknown event\n\'event_name\' results. You can override this and cause the statement to\ngenerate a NOTE for non-existent events instead by using IF EXISTS. See SHOW\nWARNINGS.\n\nThis statement requires the EVENT privilege. In MySQL 5.1.11 and earlier, an\nevent could be dropped only by its definer, or by a user having the SUPER\nprivilege.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nDROP EVENT myevent3;\n\nUsing the IF EXISTS clause:\n\nDROP EVENT IF EXISTS myevent3;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+-------+------+-------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message                       |\n+-------+------+-------------------------------+\n| Note  | 1305 | Event myevent3 does not exist |\n+-------+------+-------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-event/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-event/'),
(719,'CREATE TRIGGER',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nCREATE [OR REPLACE]\n  [DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER | role | CURRENT_ROLE }]\n  TRIGGER [IF NOT EXISTS] trigger_name trigger_time trigger_event\n  ON tbl_name FOR EACH ROW\n [{ FOLLOWS | PRECEDES } other_trigger_name ]\n trigger_stmt;\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement creates a new trigger. A trigger is a named database object\nthat is associated with a table, and that activates when a particular event\noccurs for the table. The trigger becomes associated with the table named\ntbl_name, which must refer to a permanent table. You cannot associate a\ntrigger with a TEMPORARY table or a view.\n\nCREATE TRIGGER requires the TRIGGER privilege for the table associated with\nthe trigger.\n\nYou can have multiple triggers for the same trigger_time and trigger_event.\n\nFor valid identifiers to use as trigger names, see Identifier Names.\n\nOR REPLACE\n----------\n\nIf used and the trigger already exists, instead of an error being returned,\nthe existing trigger will be dropped and replaced by the newly defined trigger.\n\nDEFINER\n-------\n\nThe DEFINER clause determines the security context to be used when checking\naccess privileges at trigger activation time. Usage requires the SUPER\nprivilege, or, from MariaDB 10.5.2, the SET USER privilege.\n\nIF NOT EXISTS\n-------------\n\nIf the IF NOT EXISTS clause is used, the trigger will only be created if a\ntrigger of the same name does not exist. If the trigger already exists, by\ndefault a warning will be returned.\n\ntrigger_time\n------------\n\ntrigger_time is the trigger action time. It can be BEFORE or AFTER to indicate\nthat the trigger activates before or after each row to be modified.\n\ntrigger_event\n-------------\n\ntrigger_event indicates the kind of statement that activates the trigger. The\ntrigger_event can be one of the following:\n\n* INSERT: The trigger is activated whenever a new row is inserted into the\ntable; for example, through INSERT, LOAD DATA, and REPLACE statements.\n* UPDATE: The trigger is activated whenever a row is modified; for example,\nthrough UPDATE statements.\n* DELETE: The trigger is activated whenever a row is deleted from the table;\nfor example, through DELETE and REPLACE statements. However, DROP TABLE and\nTRUNCATE statements on the table do not activate this trigger, because they do\nnot use DELETE. Dropping a partition does not activate DELETE triggers, either.\n\nFOLLOWS/PRECEDES other_trigger_name\n-----------------------------------\n\nThe FOLLOWS other_trigger_name and PRECEDES other_trigger_name options were\nadded in MariaDB 10.2.3 as part of supporting multiple triggers per action\ntime. This is the same syntax used by MySQL 5.7, although MySQL 5.7 does not\nhave multi-trigger support.\n\nFOLLOWS adds the new trigger after another trigger while PRECEDES adds the new\ntrigger before another trigger. If neither option is used, the new trigger is\nadded last for the given action and time.\n\nFOLLOWS and PRECEDES are not stored in the trigger definition. However the\ntrigger order is guaranteed to not change over time. mariadb-dump and other\nbackup methods will not change trigger order. You can verify the trigger order\nfrom the ACTION_ORDER column in INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TRIGGERS table.\n\nSELECT trigger_name, action_order FROM information_schema.triggers \n WHERE event_object_table=\'t1\';\n\nAtomic DDL\n----------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.6.1\n----------------------------\nMariaDB 10.6.1 supports Atomic DDL and CREATE TRIGGER is atomic.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` TRIGGER increment_animal\n AFTER INSERT ON animals FOR EACH ROW\n UPDATE animal_count SET animal_count.animals = animal_count.animals+1;\n\nOR REPLACE and IF NOT EXISTS\n\nCREATE DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` TRIGGER increment_animal\n AFTER INSERT ON animals FOR EACH ROW\n  UPDATE animal_count SET animal_count.animals = animal_count.animals+1;\nERROR 1359 (HY000): Trigger already exists\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` TRIGGER increment_animal\n AFTER INSERT ON animals  FOR EACH ROW\n  UPDATE animal_count SET animal_count.animals = animal_count.animals+1;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.12 sec)\n\nCREATE DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS increment_animal\n AFTER INSERT ON animals FOR EACH ROW\n  UPDATE animal_count SET animal_count.animals = animal_count.animals+1;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+-------+------+------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message                |\n+-------+------+------------------------+\n| Note  | 1359 | Trigger already exists |\n+-------+------+------------------------+\n1 row in set (0.00 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-trigger/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-trigger/'),
(725,'DROP FUNCTION',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nDROP FUNCTION [IF EXISTS] f_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe DROP FUNCTION statement is used to drop a stored function or a\nuser-defined function (UDF). That is, the specified routine is removed from\nthe server, along with all privileges specific to the function. You must have\nthe ALTER ROUTINE privilege for the routine in order to drop it. If the\nautomatic_sp_privileges server system variable is set, both the ALTER ROUTINE\nand EXECUTE privileges are granted automatically to the routine creator - see\nStored Routine Privileges.\n\nIF EXISTS\n---------\n\nThe IF EXISTS clause is a MySQL/MariaDB extension. It prevents an error from\noccurring if the function does not exist. A NOTE is produced that can be\nviewed with SHOW WARNINGS.\n\nFor dropping a user-defined functions (UDF), see DROP FUNCTION UDF.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nDROP FUNCTION hello;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.042 sec)\n\nDROP FUNCTION hello;\nERROR 1305 (42000): FUNCTION test.hello does not exist\n\nDROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS hello;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.000 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+-------+------+------------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message                            |\n+-------+------+------------------------------------+\n| Note  | 1305 | FUNCTION test.hello does not exist |\n+-------+------+------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-function/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-function/'),
(722,'Invisible Columns',38,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.3\n----------------------------\nInvisible columns (sometimes also called hidden columns) first appeared in\nMariaDB 10.3.3.\n\nColumns can be given an INVISIBLE attribute in a CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE\nstatement. These columns will then not be listed in the results of a SELECT *\nstatement, nor do they need to be assigned a value in an INSERT statement,\nunless INSERT explicitly mentions them by name.\n\nSince SELECT * does not return the invisible columns, new tables or views\ncreated in this manner will have no trace of the invisible columns. If\nspecifically referenced in the SELECT statement, the columns will be brought\ninto the view/new table, but the INVISIBLE attribute will not.\n\nInvisible columns can be declared as NOT NULL, but then require a DEFAULT\nvalue.\n\nIt is not possible for all columns in a table to be invisible.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE t (x INT INVISIBLE);\nERROR 1113 (42000): A table must have at least 1 column\n\nCREATE TABLE t (x INT, y INT INVISIBLE, z INT INVISIBLE NOT NULL);\nERROR 4106 (HY000): Invisible column `z` must have a default value\n\nCREATE TABLE t (x INT, y INT INVISIBLE, z INT INVISIBLE NOT NULL DEFAULT 4);\n\nINSERT INTO t VALUES (1),(2);\n\nINSERT INTO t (x,y) VALUES (3,33);\n\nSELECT * FROM t;\n+------+\n| x    |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n|    2 |\n|    3 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT x,y,z FROM t;\n+------+------+---+\n| x    | y    | z |\n+------+------+---+\n|    1 | NULL | 4 |\n|    2 | NULL | 4 |\n|    3 |   33 | 4 |\n+------+------+---+\n\nDESC t;\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-----------+\n| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra     |\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-----------+\n| x     | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |           |\n| y     | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    | INVISIBLE |\n| z     | int(11) | NO   |     | 4       | INVISIBLE |\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-----------+\n\nALTER TABLE t MODIFY x INT INVISIBLE, MODIFY y INT, MODIFY z INT NOT NULL\nDEFAULT 4;\n\nDESC t;\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-----------+\n| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra     |\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-----------+\n| x     | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    | INVISIBLE |\n| y     | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |           |\n| z     | int(11) | NO   |     | 4       |           |\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-----------+\n\nCreating a view from a table with hidden columns:\n\nCREATE VIEW v1 AS SELECT * FROM t;\n\nDESC v1;\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+\n| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+\n| y     | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |\n| z     | int(11) | NO   |     | 4       |       |\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+\n\nCREATE VIEW v2 AS SELECT x,y,z FROM t;\n\nDESC v2;\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+\n| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+\n| x     | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |\n| y     | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |\n| z     | int(11) | NO   |     | 4       |       |\n+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+\n\nAdding a Surrogate Primary Key:\n\ncreate table t1 (x bigint unsigned not null, y varchar(16), z text);\n\ninsert into t1 values (123, \'qq11\', \'ipsum\');\n\ninsert into t1 values (123, \'qq22\', \'lorem\');\n\nalter table t1 add pkid serial primary key invisible first;\n\ninsert into t1 values (123, \'qq33\', \'amet\');\n\nselect * from t1;\n+-----+------+-------+\n| x   | y    | z     |\n+-----+------+-------+\n| 123 | qq11 | ipsum |\n| 123 | qq22 | lorem |\n| 123 | qq33 | amet  |\n+-----+------+-------+\n\nselect pkid, z from t1;\n+------+-------+\n| pkid | z     |\n+------+-------+\n|    1 | ipsum |\n|    2 | lorem |\n|    3 | amet  |\n+------+-------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/invisible-columns/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/invisible-columns/'),
(726,'DROP INDEX',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nDROP INDEX [IF EXISTS] index_name ON tbl_name \n  [WAIT n |NOWAIT]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nDROP INDEX drops the index named index_name from the table tbl_name. This\nstatement is mapped to an ALTER TABLE statement to drop the index.\n\nIf another connection is using the table, a metadata lock is active, and this\nstatement will wait until the lock is released. This is also true for\nnon-transactional tables.\n\nSee ALTER TABLE.\n\nAnother shortcut, CREATE INDEX, allows the creation of an index.\n\nTo remove the primary key, `PRIMARY` must be specified as index_name. Note\nthat the quotes are necessary, because PRIMARY is a keyword.\n\nPrivileges\n----------\n\nExecuting the DROP INDEX statement requires the INDEX privilege for the table\nor the database.\n\nOnline DDL\n----------\n\nOnline DDL is used by default with InnoDB, when the drop index operation\nsupports it.\n\nSee InnoDB Online DDL Overview for more information on online DDL with InnoDB.\n\nDROP INDEX IF EXISTS ...\n------------------------\n\nIf the IF EXISTS clause is used, then MariaDB will return a warning instead of\nan error if the index does not exist.\n\nWAIT/NOWAIT\n-----------\n\nSets the lock wait timeout. See WAIT and NOWAIT.\n\nProgress Reporting\n------------------\n\nMariaDB provides progress reporting for DROP INDEX statement for clients that\nsupport the new progress reporting protocol. For example, if you were using\nthe mariadb client, then the progress report might look like this::\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-index/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-index/'),
(729,'DROP PROCEDURE',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nDROP PROCEDURE [IF EXISTS] sp_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement is used to drop a stored procedure. That is, the specified\nroutine is removed from the server along with all privileges specific to the\nprocedure. You must have the ALTER ROUTINE privilege for the routine. If the\nautomatic_sp_privileges server system variable is set, that privilege and\nEXECUTE are granted automatically to the routine creator - see Stored Routine\nPrivileges.\n\nThe IF EXISTS clause is a MySQL/MariaDB extension. It prevents an error from\noccurring if the procedure or function does not exist. A NOTE is produced that\ncan be viewed with SHOW WARNINGS.\n\nWhile this statement takes effect immediately, threads which are executing a\nprocedure can continue execution.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nDROP PROCEDURE simpleproc;\n\nIF EXISTS:\n\nDROP PROCEDURE simpleproc;\nERROR 1305 (42000): PROCEDURE test.simpleproc does not exist\n\nDROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS simpleproc;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+-------+------+------------------------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message                                  |\n+-------+------+------------------------------------------+\n| Note  | 1305 | PROCEDURE test.simpleproc does not exist |\n+-------+------+------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-procedure/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-procedure/'),
(730,'DROP SERVER',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nDROP SERVER [ IF EXISTS ] server_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nDrops the server definition for the server named server_name. The\ncorresponding row within the mysql.servers table will be deleted. This\nstatement requires the SUPER privilege or, from MariaDB 10.5.2, the FEDERATED\nADMIN privilege.\n\nDropping a server for a table does not affect any FederatedX, FEDERATED,\nConnect or Spider tables that used this connection information when they were\ncreated.\n\nDROP SERVER is not written to the binary log, irrespective of the binary log\nformat being used. From MariaDB 10.1.13, Galera replicates the CREATE SERVER,\nALTER SERVER and DROP SERVER statements.\n\nIF EXISTS\n---------\n\nIf the IF EXISTS clause is used, MariaDB will not return an error if the\nserver does not exist. Unlike all other statements, DROP SERVER IF EXISTS does\nnot issue a note if the server does not exist. See MDEV-9400.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nDROP SERVER s;\n\nIF EXISTS:\n\nDROP SERVER s;\nERROR 1477 (HY000): The foreign server name you are trying to reference \n does not exist. Data source error:  s\n\nDROP SERVER IF EXISTS s;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-server/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-server/'),
(732,'DROP TRIGGER',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nDROP TRIGGER [IF EXISTS] [schema_name.]trigger_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThis statement drops a trigger. The schema (database) name is optional. If the\nschema is omitted, the trigger is dropped from the default schema. Its use\nrequires the TRIGGER privilege for the table associated with the trigger.\n\nUse IF EXISTS to prevent an error from occurring for a trigger that does not\nexist. A NOTE is generated for a non-existent trigger when using IF EXISTS.\nSee SHOW WARNINGS.\n\nNote: Triggers for a table are also dropped if you drop the table.\n\nAtomic DDL\n----------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.6.1\n----------------------------\nMariaDB 10.6.1 supports Atomic DDL and DROP TRIGGER is atomic.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nDROP TRIGGER test.example_trigger;\n\nUsing the IF EXISTS clause:\n\nDROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS test.example_trigger;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+-------+------+------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message                |\n+-------+------+------------------------+\n| Note  | 1360 | Trigger does not exist |\n+-------+------+------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-trigger/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-trigger/'),
(733,'DROP VIEW',38,'Syntax\n------\n\nDROP VIEW [IF EXISTS]\n  view_name [, view_name] ...\n  [RESTRICT | CASCADE]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nDROP VIEW removes one or more views. You must have the DROP privilege for each\nview. If any of the views named in the argument list do not exist, MariaDB\nreturns an error indicating by name which non-existing views it was unable to\ndrop, but it also drops all of the views in the list that do exist.\n\nThe IF EXISTS clause prevents an error from occurring for views that don\'t\nexist. When this clause is given, a NOTE is generated for each non-existent\nview. See SHOW WARNINGS.\n\nRESTRICT and CASCADE, if given, are parsed and ignored.\n\nIt is possible to specify view names as db_name.view_name. This is useful to\ndelete views from multiple databases with one statement. See Identifier\nQualifiers for details.\n\nThe DROP privilege is required to use DROP TABLE on non-temporary tables. For\ntemporary tables, no privilege is required, because such tables are only\nvisible for the current session.\n\nIf a view references another view, it will be possible to drop the referenced\nview. However, the other view will reference a view which does not exist any\nmore. Thus, querying it will produce an error similar to the following:\n\nERROR 1356 (HY000): View \'db_name.view_name\' references invalid table(s) or \ncolumn(s) or function(s) or definer/invoker of view lack rights to use them\n\nThis problem is reported in the output of CHECK TABLE.\n\nNote that it is not necessary to use DROP VIEW to replace an existing view,\nbecause CREATE VIEW has an OR REPLACE clause.\n\nAtomic DDL\n----------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.6.1\n----------------------------\nMariaDB 10.6.1 supports Atomic DDL and DROP VIEW for a singular view is\natomic. Dropping multiple views is crash-safe.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nDROP VIEW v,v2;\n\nGiven views v and v2, but no view v3\n\nDROP VIEW v,v2,v3;\nERROR 1051 (42S02): Unknown table \'v3\'\n\nDROP VIEW IF EXISTS v,v2,v3;\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+-------+------+-------------------------+\n| Level | Code | Message                 |\n+-------+------+-------------------------+\n| Note  | 1051 | Unknown table \'test.v3\' |\n+-------+------+-------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-view/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-view/'),
(734,'CONSTRAINT',38,'MariaDB supports the implementation of constraints at the table-level using\neither CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statements. A table constraint restricts\nthe data you can add to the table. If you attempt to insert invalid data on a\ncolumn, MariaDB throws an error.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\n[CONSTRAINT [symbol]] constraint_expression\n\nconstraint_expression:\n | PRIMARY KEY [index_type] (index_col_name, ...) [index_option] ...\n | FOREIGN KEY [index_name] (index_col_name, ...)\n   REFERENCES tbl_name (index_col_name, ...)\n   [ON DELETE reference_option]\n   [ON UPDATE reference_option]\n | UNIQUE [INDEX|KEY] [index_name]\n   [index_type] (index_col_name, ...) [index_option] ...\n | CHECK (check_constraints)\n\nindex_type:\n USING {BTREE | HASH | RTREE}\n\nindex_col_name:\n col_name [(length)] [ASC | DESC]\n\nindex_option:\n | KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value\n | index_type\n | WITH PARSER parser_name\n | COMMENT \'string\'\n | CLUSTERING={YES|NO}\n\nreference_option:\n RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nConstraints provide restrictions on the data you can add to a table. This\nallows you to enforce data integrity from MariaDB, rather than through\napplication logic. When a statement violates a constraint, MariaDB throws an\nerror.\n\nThere are four types of table constraints:\n\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| Constraint                         | Description                           |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| PRIMARY KEY                        | Sets the column for referencing       |\n|                                    | rows.  Values must be unique and not  |\n|                                    | null.                                 |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| FOREIGN KEY                        | Sets the column to reference the      |\n|                                    | primary key on another table.         |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| UNIQUE                             | Requires values in column or columns  |\n|                                    | only occur once in the table.         |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n| CHECK                              | Checks whether the data meets the     |\n|                                    | given condition.                      |\n+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+\n\nThe Information Schema TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table contains information about\ntables that have constraints.\n\nFOREIGN KEY Constraints\n-----------------------\n\nInnoDB supports foreign key constraints. The syntax for a foreign key\nconstraint definition in InnoDB looks like this:\n\n[CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY\n  [index_name] (index_col_name, ...)\n  REFERENCES tbl_name (index_col_name,...)\n  [ON DELETE reference_option]\n  [ON UPDATE reference_option]\n\nreference_option:\n  RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION\n\nThe Information Schema REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS table has more information\nabout foreign keys.\n\nCHECK Constraints\n-----------------\n\nConstraints are enforced. Before MariaDB 10.2.1 constraint expressions were\naccepted in the syntax but ignored.\n\nYou can define constraints in 2 different ways:\n\n* CHECK(expression) given as part of a column definition.\n* CONSTRAINT [constraint_name] CHECK (expression)\n\nBefore a row is inserted or updated, all constraints are evaluated in the\norder they are defined. If any constraint expression returns false, then the\nrow will not be inserted or updated. One can use most deterministic functions\nin a constraint, including UDFs.\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (a INT CHECK (a>2), b INT CHECK (b>2), CONSTRAINT a_greater\nCHECK (a>b));\n\nIf you use the second format and you don\'t give a name to the constraint, then\nthe constraint will get an automatically generated name. This is done so that\nyou can later delete the constraint with ALTER TABLE DROP constraint_name.\n\nOne can disable all constraint expression checks by setting the\ncheck_constraint_checks variable to OFF. This is useful for example when\nloading a table that violates some constraints that you want to later find and\nfix in SQL.\n\nReplication\n-----------\n\nIn row-based replication, only the master checks constraints, and failed\nstatements will not be replicated. In statement-based replication, the slaves\nwill also check constraints. Constraints should therefore be identical, as\nwell as deterministic, in a replication environment.\n\nAuto_increment\n--------------\n\nauto_increment columns are not permitted in check constraints. Before MariaDB\n10.2.6, they were permitted, but would not work correctly. See MDEV-11117.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE product (category INT NOT NULL, id INT NOT NULL,\n           price DECIMAL,\n           PRIMARY KEY(category, id)) ENGINE=INNODB;\nCREATE TABLE customer (id INT NOT NULL,\n           PRIMARY KEY (id)) ENGINE=INNODB;\nCREATE TABLE product_order (no INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,\n              product_category INT NOT NULL,\n              product_id INT NOT NULL,\n              customer_id INT NOT NULL,\n              PRIMARY KEY(no),\n              INDEX (product_category, product_id),\n              FOREIGN KEY (product_category, product_id)\n               REFERENCES product(category, id)\n               ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE RESTRICT,\n              INDEX (customer_id),\n              FOREIGN KEY (customer_id)\n               REFERENCES customer(id)) ENGINE=INNODB;\n\nThe following examples will work from MariaDB 10.2.1 onwards.\n\nNumeric constraints and comparisons:\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (a INT CHECK (a>2), b INT CHECK (b>2), CONSTRAINT a_greater\nCHECK (a>b));\n\nINSERT INTO t1(a) VALUES (1);\nERROR 4022 (23000): CONSTRAINT `a` failed for `test`.`t1`\n\nINSERT INTO t1(a,b) VALUES (3,4);\nERROR 4022 (23000): CONSTRAINT `a_greater` failed for `test`.`t1`\n\nINSERT INTO t1(a,b) VALUES (4,3);\nQuery OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)\n\nDropping a constraint:\n\nALTER TABLE t1 DROP CONSTRAINT a_greater;\n\nAdding a constraint:\n\nALTER TABLE t1 ADD CONSTRAINT a_greater CHECK (a>b);\n\nDate comparisons and character length:\n\nCREATE TABLE t2 (name VARCHAR(30) CHECK (CHAR_LENGTH(name)>2), start_date\nDATE, \n end_date DATE CHECK (start_date IS NULL OR end_date IS NULL OR\nstart_date<end_date));\n\nINSERT INTO t2(name, start_date, end_date) VALUES(\'Ione\', \'2003-12-15\',\n\'2014-11-09\');\nQuery OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)\n\nINSERT INTO t2(name, start_date, end_date) VALUES(\'Io\', \'2003-12-15\',\n\'2014-11-09\');\nERROR 4022 (23000): CONSTRAINT `name` failed for `test`.`t2`\n\nINSERT INTO t2(name, start_date, end_date) VALUES(\'Ione\', NULL, \'2014-11-09\');\nQuery OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)\n\nINSERT INTO t2(name, start_date, end_date) VALUES(\'Ione\', \'2015-12-15\',\n\'2014-11-09\');\nERROR 4022 (23000): CONSTRAINT `end_date` failed for `test`.`t2`\n\nA misplaced parenthesis:\n\nCREATE TABLE t3 (name VARCHAR(30) CHECK (CHAR_LENGTH(name>2)), start_date\nDATE, \n end_date DATE CHECK (start_date IS NULL OR end_date IS NULL OR\nstart_date<end_date));\nQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.32 sec)\n\nINSERT INTO t3(name, start_date, end_date) VALUES(\'Io\', \'2003-12-15\',\n\'2014-11-09\');\nQuery OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.04 sec)\n\nSHOW WARNINGS;\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------+\n| Level   | Code | Message                                |\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------+\n| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: \'Io\' |\n+---------+------+----------------------------------------+\n\nCompare the definition of table t2 to table t3. CHAR_LENGTH(name)>2 is very\ndifferent to CHAR_LENGTH(name>2) as the latter mistakenly performs a numeric\ncomparison on the name field, leading to unexpected results.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/constraint/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/constraint/'),
(736,'Dynamic Columns from MariaDB 10',38,'MariaDB starting with 10.0.1\n----------------------------\nMariaDB 10.0.1 introduced the following improvements to the dynamic columns\nfeature.\n\nColumn Name Support\n-------------------\n\nIt is possible to refer to column by names. Names can be used everywhere where\nin MariaDB 5.3 one could use only strings:\n\n* Create a dynamic column blob:\n\nCOLUMN_CREATE(\'int_col\', 123 as int, \'double_col\', 3.14 as double,\n\'string_col\', \'text-data\' as char);\n\n* Set a column value:\n\nCOLUMN_ADD(dyncol_blob, \'intcol\', 1234);\n\n* Get a column value:\n\nCOLUMN_GET(dynstr, \'column1\' as char(10));\n\n* Check whether a column exists\n\nCOLUMN_EXISTS(dyncol_blob, \'column_name\');\n\nChanges in Behavior\n-------------------\n\n* Column list output now includes quoting:\n\nselect column_list(column_create(1, 22, 2, 23));\n+------------------------------------------+\n| column_list(column_create(1, 22, 2, 23)) |\n+------------------------------------------+\n| `1`,`2`                                  |\n+------------------------------------------+\nselect column_list(column_create(\'column1\', 22, \'column2\', 23)); \n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n| column_list(column_create(\'column1\', 22, \'column2\', 23)) |\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n| `column1`,`column2`                                      |\n+----------------------------------------------------------+\n\n* Column name interpretation has been changed so that the string now is not\nconverted to a number. So some \"magic\" tricks will not work any more, for\nexample, \"1test\" and \"1\" now become different column names:\n\nselect column_list(column_add(column_create(\'1a\', 22), \'1b\', 23));\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| column_list(column_add(column_create(\'1a\', 22), \'1b\', 23)) |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| `1a`,`1b`                                                  |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\n* Old behavior:\n\nselect column_list(column_add(column_create(\'1a\', 22), \'1b\', 23));\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| column_list(column_add(column_create(\'1a\', 22), \'1b\', 23)) |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| 1                                                          |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nNew Functions\n-------------\n\nThe following new functions have been added to dynamic columns in MariaDB 10\n\nCOLUMN_CHECK\n------------\n\nCOLUMN_CHECK is used to check a column\'s integrity. When it encounters an\nerror it does not return illegal format errors but returns false instead. It\nalso checks integrity more thoroughly and finds errors in the dynamic column\ninternal structures which might not be found by other functions.\n\nselect column_check(column_create(\'column1\', 22));\n+--------------------------------------------+\n| column_check(column_create(\'column1\', 22)) |\n+--------------------------------------------+\n|                                          1 |\n+--------------------------------------------+\nselect column_check(\'abracadabra\');\n+-----------------------------+\n| column_check(\'abracadabra\') |\n+-----------------------------+\n|                           0 |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nCOLUMN_JSON\n-----------\n\nCOLUMN_JSON converts all dynamic column record content to a JSON object.\n\nselect column_json(column_create(\'column1\', 1, \'column2\', \"two\"));\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| column_json(column_create(\'column1\', 1, \'column2\', \"two\")) |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| {\"column1\":1,\"column2\":\"two\"}                              |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nOther Changes\n-------------\n\n* All API functions has prefix mariadb_dyncol_ (old prefix dynamic_column_ is\ndepricated\n* API changed to be able to work with the new format (*_named functions).\n* Removed \'delete\' function because deleting could be done by adding NULL\nvalue.\n* \'Time\' and \'datetime\' in the new format are stored without microseconds if\nthey are 0.\n* New function added to API (except that two which are representing SQL level\nfunctions):\n\'Unpack\' the dynamic columns content to an arrays of values and names.\n3 functions to get any column value as string, integer (long long) or floating\npoint (double).\n\n* New type of \"dynamic column\" row added on the API level (in SQL level output\nit is a string but if you use dynamic column functions to construct object it\nwill be added as dynamic column value) which allow to add dynamic columns\ninside dynamic columns. JSON function represent such recursive constructions\ncorrectly but limit depth of representation as current implementation limit\n(internally depth of dynamic columns embedding is not limited).\n\nInterface with Cassandra\n------------------------\n\nCassandraSE is no longer actively being developed and has been removed in\nMariaDB 10.6. See MDEV-23024.\n\nSome internal changes were added to dynamic columns to allow them to serve as\nan interface to Apache Cassandra dynamic columns. The Cassandra engine may\npack all columns which were not mentioned in the MariaDB interface table\ndefinition and even bring changes in the dynamic column contents back to the\ncassandra columns family (the table analog in cassandra).\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/dynamic-columns-from-mariadb-10/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/dynamic-columns-from-mariadb-10/'),
(737,'MERGE',38,'Description\n-----------\n\nThe MERGE storage engine, also known as the MRG_MyISAM engine, is a collection\nof identical MyISAM tables that can be used as one. \"Identical\" means that all\ntables have identical column and index information. You cannot merge MyISAM\ntables in which the columns are listed in a different order, do not have\nexactly the same columns, or have the indexes in different order. However, any\nor all of the MyISAM tables can be compressed with myisampack. Columns names\nand indexes names can be different, as long as data types and NULL/NOT NULL\nclauses are the same. Differences in table options such as AVG_ROW_LENGTH,\nMAX_ROWS, or PACK_KEYS do not matter.\n\nEach index in a MERGE table must match an index in underlying MyISAM tables,\nbut the opposite is not true. Also, a MERGE table cannot have a PRIMARY KEY or\nUNIQUE indexes, because it cannot enforce uniqueness over all underlying\ntables.\n\nThe following options are meaningful for MERGE tables:\n\n* UNION. This option specifies the list of the underlying MyISAM tables. The\nlist is enclosed between parentheses and separated with commas.\n* INSERT_METHOD. This options specifies whether, and how, INSERTs are allowed\nfor the table. Allowed values are: NO (INSERTs are not allowed), FIRST (new\nrows will be written into the first table specified in the UNION list), LAST\n(new rows will be written into the last table specified in the UNION list).\nThe default value is NO.\n\nIf you define a MERGE table with a definition which is different from the\nunderlying MyISAM tables, or one of the underlying tables is not MyISAM, the\nCREATE TABLE statement will not return any error. But any statement which\ninvolves the table will produce an error like the following:\n\nERROR 1168 (HY000): Unable to open underlying table which is differently\ndefined \n or of non-MyISAM type or doesn\'t exist\n\nA CHECK TABLE will show more information about the problem.\n\nThe error is also produced if the table is properly define, but an underlying\ntable\'s definition changes at some point in time.\n\nIf you try to insert a new row into a MERGE table with INSERT_METHOD=NO, you\nwill get an error like the following:\n\nERROR 1036 (HY000): Table \'tbl_name\' is read only\n\nIt is possible to build a MERGE table on MyISAM tables which have one or more\nvirtual columns. MERGE itself does not support virtual columns, thus such\ncolumns will be seen as regular columns. The data types and sizes will still\nneed to be identical, and they cannot be NOT NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (\n  a INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,\n  message CHAR(20)) ENGINE=MyISAM;\n\nCREATE TABLE t2 (\n  a INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,\n  message CHAR(20)) ENGINE=MyISAM;\n\nINSERT INTO t1 (message) VALUES (\'Testing\'),(\'table\'),(\'t1\');\n\nINSERT INTO t2 (message) VALUES (\'Testing\'),(\'table\'),(\'t2\');\n\nCREATE TABLE total (\n  a INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,\n  message CHAR(20), INDEX(a))\n  ENGINE=MERGE UNION=(t1,t2) INSERT_METHOD=LAST;\n\nSELECT * FROM total;\n+---+---------+\n| a | message |\n+---+---------+\n| 1 | Testing |\n| 2 | table   |\n| 3 | t1      |\n| 1 | Testing |\n| 2 | table   |\n| 3 | t2      |\n+---+---------+\n\nIn the following example, we\'ll create three MyISAM tables, and then a MERGE\ntable on them. However, one of them uses a different data type for the column\nb, so a SELECT will produce an error:\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (\n a INT,\n b INT\n) ENGINE = MyISAM;\n\nCREATE TABLE t2 (\n a INT,\n b INT\n) ENGINE = MyISAM;\n\nCREATE TABLE t3 (\n a INT,\n b TINYINT\n) ENGINE = MyISAM;\n\nCREATE TABLE t_mrg (\n a INT,\n b INT\n) ENGINE = MERGE,UNION=(t1,t2,t3);\n\nSELECT * FROM t_mrg;\nERROR 1168 (HY000): Unable to open underlying table which is differently\ndefined\n or of non-MyISAM type or doesn\'t exist\n\nTo find out what\'s wrong, we\'ll use a CHECK TABLE:\n\nCHECK TABLE t_mrg\\G\n*************************** 1. row ***************************\n Table: test.t_mrg\n   Op: check\nMsg_type: Error\nMsg_text: Table \'test.t3\' is differently defined or of non-MyISAM type or\ndoesn\'t exist\n*************************** 2. row ***************************\n Table: test.t_mrg\n   Op: check\nMsg_type: Error\nMsg_text: Unable to open underlying table which is differently defined or of\nnon-MyISAM type or doesn\'t exist\n*************************** 3. row ***************************\n Table: test.t_mrg\n   Op: check\nMsg_type: error\nMsg_text: Corrupt\n\nNow, we know that the problem is in t3\'s definition.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/merge/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/merge/'),
(741,'DROP SEQUENCE',39,'Syntax\n------\n\nDROP [TEMPORARY] SEQUENCE [IF EXISTS] [/*COMMENT TO SAVE*/]\n  sequence_name [, sequence_name] ...\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nDROP SEQUENCE removes one or more sequences created with CREATE SEQUENCE. You\nmust have the DROP privilege for each sequence. MariaDB returns an error\nindicating by name which non-existing tables it was unable to drop, but it\nalso drops all of the tables in the list that do exist.\n\nImportant: When a table is dropped, user privileges on the table are not\nautomatically dropped. See GRANT.\n\nIf another connection is using the sequence, a metadata lock is active, and\nthis statement will wait until the lock is released. This is also true for\nnon-transactional tables.\n\nFor each referenced sequence, DROP SEQUENCE drops a temporary sequence with\nthat name, if it exists. If it does not exist, and the TEMPORARY keyword is\nnot used, it drops a non-temporary sequence with the same name, if it exists.\nThe TEMPORARY keyword ensures that a non-temporary sequence will not\naccidentally be dropped.\n\nUse IF EXISTS to prevent an error from occurring for sequences that do not\nexist. A NOTE is generated for each non-existent sequence when using IF\nEXISTS. See SHOW WARNINGS.\n\nDROP SEQUENCE requires the DROP privilege.\n\nNotes\n-----\n\nDROP SEQUENCE only removes sequences, not tables. However, DROP TABLE can\nremove both sequences and tables.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-sequence/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/drop-sequence/'),
(739,'CREATE SEQUENCE',39,'Syntax\n------\n\nCREATE [OR REPLACE] [TEMPORARY] SEQUENCE [IF NOT EXISTS] sequence_name\n[ INCREMENT [ BY | = ] increment ]\n[ MINVALUE [=] minvalue | NO MINVALUE | NOMINVALUE ]\n[ MAXVALUE [=] maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE | NOMAXVALUE ]\n[ START [ WITH | = ] start ] \n[ CACHE [=] cache | NOCACHE ] [ CYCLE | NOCYCLE] \n[table_options]\nThe options for CREATE SEQUENCE can be given in any order, optionally followed\nby table_options.\n\ntable_options can be any of the normal table options in CREATE TABLE but the\nmost usable ones are ENGINE=... and COMMENT=.\n\nNOMAXVALUE and NOMINVALUE are there to allow one to create SEQUENCEs using the\nOracle syntax.\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nCREATE SEQUENCE will create a sequence that generates new values when called\nwith NEXT VALUE FOR sequence_name. It\'s an alternative to AUTO INCREMENT when\none wants to have more control of how the numbers are generated. As the\nSEQUENCE caches values (up to CACHE) it can in some cases be much faster than\nAUTO INCREMENT. Another benefit is that one can access the last value\ngenerated by all used sequences, which solves one of the limitations with\nLAST_INSERT_ID().\n\nCREATE SEQUENCE requires the CREATE privilege.\n\nDROP SEQUENCE can be used to drop a sequence, and ALTER SEQUENCE to change it.\n\nArguments to Create\n-------------------\n\nThe following options may be used:\n\n+---------------+------------------------------+----------------------------+\n| Option        | Default value                | Description                |\n+---------------+------------------------------+----------------------------+\n| INCREMENT     | 1                            | Increment to use for       |\n|               |                              | values. May be negative.   |\n|               |                              | Setting an increment of 0  |\n|               |                              | causes the sequence to     |\n|               |                              | use the value of the       |\n|               |                              | auto_increment_increment   |\n|               |                              | system variable at the     |\n|               |                              | time of creation, which    |\n|               |                              | is always a positive       |\n|               |                              | number. (see MDEV-16035).  |\n+---------------+------------------------------+----------------------------+\n| MINVALUE      | 1 if INCREMENT > 0 and       | Minimum value for the      |\n|               | -9223372036854775807 if      | sequence                   |\n|               | INCREMENT < 0                |                            |\n+---------------+------------------------------+----------------------------+\n| MAXVALUE      | 9223372036854775806 if       | Max value for sequence     |\n|               | INCREMENT > 0 and -1 if      |                            |\n|               | INCREMENT < 0                |                            |\n+---------------+------------------------------+----------------------------+\n| START         | MINVALUE if INCREMENT > 0    | First value that the       |\n|               | and MAX_VALUE if INCREMENT<  | sequence will generate     |\n|               | 0                            |                            |\n+---------------+------------------------------+----------------------------+\n| CACHE         | 1000                         | Number of values that      |\n|               |                              | should be cached. 0 if no  |\n|               |                              | CACHE.  The underlying     |\n|               |                              | table will be updated      |\n|               |                              | first time a new sequence  |\n|               |                              | number is generated and    |\n|               |                              | each time the cache runs   |\n|               |                              | out.                       |\n+---------------+------------------------------+----------------------------+\n\nIf CYCLE is used then the sequence should start again from MINVALUE after it\nhas run out of values. Default value is NOCYCLE.\n\nConstraints on Create Arguments\n-------------------------------\n\nTo be able to create a legal sequence, the following must hold:\n\n* MAXVALUE >= start\n* MAXVALUE > MINVALUE\n* START >= MINVALUE\n* MAXVALUE <= 9223372036854775806  (LONGLONG_MAX-1)\n* MINVALUE >= -9223372036854775807 (LONGLONG_MIN+1)\n\nNote that sequences can\'t generate the maximum/minimum 64 bit number because\nof the constraint of MINVALUE and MAXVALUE.\n\nAtomic DDL\n----------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.6.1\n----------------------------\nMariaDB 10.6.1 supports Atomic DDL and CREATE SEQUENCE is atomic.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE SEQUENCE s START WITH 100 INCREMENT BY 10;\n\nCREATE SEQUENCE s2 START WITH -100 INCREMENT BY -10;\n\nThe following statement fails, as the increment conflicts with the defaults\n\nCREATE SEQUENCE s3 START WITH -100 INCREMENT BY 10;\nERROR 4082 (HY000): Sequence \'test.s3\' values are conflicting\n\nThe sequence can be created by specifying workable minimum and maximum values:\n\nCREATE SEQUENCE s3 START WITH -100 INCREMENT BY 10 MINVALUE=-100 MAXVALUE=1000;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-sequence/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/create-sequence/'),
(740,'ALTER SEQUENCE',39,'Syntax\n------\n\nALTER SEQUENCE [IF EXISTS] sequence_name\n[ INCREMENT [ BY | = ] increment ]\n[ MINVALUE [=] minvalue | NO MINVALUE | NOMINVALUE ]\n[ MAXVALUE [=] maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE | NOMAXVALUE ]\n[ START [ WITH | = ] start ] [ CACHE [=] cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]\n[ RESTART [[WITH | =] restart]\n\nALTER SEQUENCE allows one to change any values for a SEQUENCE created with\nCREATE SEQUENCE.\n\nThe options for ALTER SEQUENCE can be given in any order.\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nALTER SEQUENCE changes the parameters of an existing sequence generator. Any\nparameters not specifically set in the ALTER SEQUENCE command retain their\nprior settings.\n\nALTER SEQUENCE requires the ALTER privilege.\n\nArguments to ALTER SEQUENCE\n---------------------------\n\nThe following options may be used:\n\n+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------+\n| Option        | Default value                 | Description               |\n+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------+\n| INCREMENT     | 1                             | Increment to use for      |\n|               |                               | values. May be negative.  |\n+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------+\n| MINVALUE      | 1 if INCREMENT > 0 and        | Minimum value for the     |\n|               | -9223372036854775807 if       | sequence.                 |\n|               | INCREMENT < 0                 |                           |\n+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------+\n| MAXVALUE      | 9223372036854775806 if        | Max value for sequence.   |\n|               | INCREMENT > 0 and -1 if       |                           |\n|               | INCREMENT < 0                 |                           |\n+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------+\n| START         | MINVALUE if INCREMENT > 0     | First value that the      |\n|               | and MAX_VALUE if INCREMENT< 0 | sequence will generate.   |\n+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------+\n| CACHE         | 1000                          | Number of values that     |\n|               |                               | should be cached. 0 if    |\n|               |                               | no CACHE.  The            |\n|               |                               | underlying table will be  |\n|               |                               | updated first time a new  |\n|               |                               | sequence number is        |\n|               |                               | generated and each time   |\n|               |                               | the cache runs out.       |\n+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------+\n| CYCLE         | 0 (= NO CYCLE)                | 1 if the sequence should  |\n|               |                               | start again from          |\n|               |                               | MINVALUE# after it has    |\n|               |                               | run out of values.        |\n+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------+\n| RESTART       | START if restart value not    | If  RESTART option is     |\n|               | is given                      | used, NEXT VALUE will     |\n|               |                               | return the restart value. |\n+---------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------+\n\nThe optional clause RESTART [ WITH restart ] sets the next value for the\nsequence. This is equivalent to calling the SETVAL() function with the is_used\nargument as 0. The specified value will be returned by the next call of\nnextval. Using RESTART with no restart value is equivalent to supplying the\nstart value that was recorded by CREATE SEQUENCE or last set by ALTER SEQUENCE\nSTART WITH.\n\nALTER SEQUENCE will not allow you to change the sequence so that it\'s\ninconsistent. For example:\n\nCREATE SEQUENCE s1;\nALTER SEQUENCE s1 MINVALUE 10;\nERROR 4061 (HY000): Sequence \'test.t1\' values are conflicting\n\nALTER SEQUENCE s1 MINVALUE 10 RESTART 10;\nERROR 4061 (HY000): Sequence \'test.t1\' values are conflicting\n\nALTER SEQUENCE s1 MINVALUE 10 START 10 RESTART 10;\n\nINSERT\n------\n\nTo allow SEQUENCE objects to be backed up by old tools, like mariadb-dump, one\ncan use SELECT to read the current state of a SEQUENCE object and use an\nINSERT to update the SEQUENCE object. INSERT is only allowed if all fields are\nspecified:\n\nCREATE SEQUENCE s1;\nINSERT INTO s1 VALUES(1000,10,2000,1005,1,1000,0,0);\nSELECT * FROM s1;\n\n+------------+-----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-------+-----\n-+\n| next_value | min_value | max_value | start | increment | cache | cycle |\nround |\n+------------+-----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-------+-----\n-+\n|       1000 |        10 |      2000 |  1005 |         1 |  1000 |     0 |    \n0 |\n+------------+-----------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+-------+-----\n-+\n\nSHOW CREATE SEQUENCE s1;\n+-------+----------------------------------------------------------------------\n---------------------------------------+\n| Table | Create Table                                                        \n                    |\n+-------+----------------------------------------------------------------------\n---------------------------------------+\n| s1    | CREATE SEQUENCE `s1` start with 1005 minvalue 10 maxvalue 2000\nincrement by 1 cache 1000 nocycle ENGINE=Aria |\n+-------+----------------------------------------------------------------------\n---------------------------------------+\n\nNotes\n-----\n\nALTER SEQUENCE will instantly affect all future SEQUENCE operations. This is\nin contrast to some other databases where the changes requested by ALTER\nSEQUENCE will not be seen until the sequence cache has run out.\n\nALTER SEQUENCE will take a full table lock of the sequence object during its\n(brief) operation. This ensures that ALTER SEQUENCE is replicated correctly.\nIf you only want to set the next sequence value to a higher value than\ncurrent, then you should use SETVAL() instead, as this is not blocking.\n\nIf you want to change storage engine, sequence comment or rename the sequence,\nyou can use ALTER TABLE for this.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-sequence/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/alter-sequence/'),
(742,'NEXT VALUE for sequence_name',39,'MariaDB starting with 10.3\n--------------------------\nSEQUENCEs were introduced in MariaDB 10.3\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nNEXT VALUE FOR sequence\n\nor\n\nNEXTVAL(sequence_name)\n\nor in Oracle mode (SQL_MODE=ORACLE)\n\nsequence_name.nextval\n\nNEXT VALUE FOR is ANSI SQL syntax while NEXTVAL() is PostgreSQL syntax.\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nGenerate next value for a SEQUENCE.\n\n* You can greatly speed up NEXT VALUE by creating the sequence with the CACHE\noption. If not, every NEXT VALUE usage will cause changes in the stored\nSEQUENCE table.\n* When using NEXT VALUE the value will be reserved at once and will not be\nreused, except if the SEQUENCE was created with CYCLE. This means that when\nyou are using SEQUENCEs you have to expect gaps in the generated sequence\nnumbers.\n* If one updates the SEQUENCE with SETVAL() or ALTER SEQUENCE ... RESTART,\nNEXT VALUE FOR will notice this and start from the next requested value.\n* FLUSH TABLES will close the sequence and the next sequence number generated\nwill be according to what\'s stored in the SEQUENCE object. In effect, this\nwill discard the cached values.\n* A server restart (or closing the current connection) also causes a drop of\nall cached values. The cached sequence numbers are reserved only for the\ncurrent connection.\n* NEXT VALUE requires the INSERT privilege.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.3.3\n----------------------------\n* You can also use NEXT VALUE FOR sequence for column DEFAULT.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/next-value-for-sequence_name/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/next-value-for-sequence_name/'),
(743,'PREVIOUS VALUE FOR sequence_name',39,'MariaDB starting with 10.3\n--------------------------\nSEQUENCEs were introduced in MariaDB 10.3.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nPREVIOUS VALUE FOR sequence_name\n\nor\n\nLASTVAL(sequence_name)\n\nor in Oracle mode (SQL_MODE=ORACLE)\n\nsequence_name.currval\n\nPREVIOUS VALUE FOR is IBM DB2 syntax while LASTVAL() is PostgreSQL syntax.\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nGet last value in the current connection generated from a sequence.\n\n* If the sequence has not yet been used by the connection, PREVIOUS VALUE FOR\nreturns NULL (the same thing applies with a new connection which doesn\'t see a\nlast value for an existing sequence).\n* If a SEQUENCE has been dropped and re-created then it\'s treated as a new\nSEQUENCE and PREVIOUS VALUE FOR will return NULL.\n* FLUSH TABLES has no effect on PREVIOUS VALUE FOR.\n* Previous values for all used sequences are stored per connection until\nconnection ends.\n* PREVIOUS VALUE FOR requires the SELECT privilege.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nCREATE SEQUENCE s START WITH 100 INCREMENT BY 10;\n\nSELECT PREVIOUS VALUE FOR s;\n+----------------------+\n| PREVIOUS VALUE FOR s |\n+----------------------+\n|                 NULL |\n+----------------------+\n\n# The function works for sequences only, if the table is used an error is\ngenerated\nSELECT PREVIOUS VALUE FOR t;\nERROR 4089 (42S02): \'test.t\' is not a SEQUENCE\n\n# Call the NEXT VALUE FOR s:\nSELECT NEXT VALUE FOR s;\n+------------------+\n| NEXT VALUE FOR s |\n+------------------+\n|              100 |\n+------------------+\n\nSELECT PREVIOUS VALUE FOR s;\n+----------------------+\n| PREVIOUS VALUE FOR s |\n+----------------------+\n|                  100 |\n+----------------------+\n\nNow try to start the new connection and check that the last value is still\nNULL, before updating the value in the new connection after the output of the\nnew connection gets current value (110 in the example below). Note that first\nconnection cannot see this change and the result of last value still remains\nthe same (100 in the example above).\n\n$ .mysql -uroot test -e\"SELECT PREVIOUS VALUE FOR s; SELECT NEXT VALUE FOR s;\nSELECT PREVIOUS VALUE FOR s;\"\n+----------------------+\n| PREVIOUS VALUE FOR s |\n+----------------------+\n|                 NULL |\n+----------------------+\n+------------------+\n| NEXT VALUE FOR s |\n+------------------+\n|              110 |\n+------------------+\n+----------------------+\n| PREVIOUS VALUE FOR s |\n+----------------------+\n|                  110 |\n+----------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/previous-value-for-sequence_name/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/previous-value-for-sequence_name/'),
(745,'JSON_ARRAYAGG',40,'MariaDB starting with 10.5.0\n----------------------------\nJSON_ARRAYAGG was added in MariaDB 10.5.0.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nJSON_ARRAYAGG(column_or_expression)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nJSON_ARRAYAGG returns a JSON array containing an element for each value in a\ngiven set of JSON or SQL values. It acts on a column or an expression that\nevaluates to a single value.\n\nReturns NULL in the case of an error, or if the result contains no rows.\n\nJSON_ARRAYAGG cannot currently be used as a window function.\n\nThe full syntax is as follows:\n\nJSON_ARRAYAGG([DISTINCT] expr [,expr ...]\n      [ORDER BY {unsigned_integer | col_name | expr}\n        [ASC | DESC] [,col_name ...]]\n      [LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}])\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (a INT, b INT);\n\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1, 1),(2, 1), (1, 1),(2, 1), (3, 2),(2, 2),(2, 2),(2,\n2);\n\nSELECT JSON_ARRAYAGG(a), JSON_ARRAYAGG(b) FROM t1;\n+-------------------+-------------------+\n| JSON_ARRAYAGG(a)  | JSON_ARRAYAGG(b)  |\n+-------------------+-------------------+\n| [1,2,1,2,3,2,2,2] | [1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2] |\n+-------------------+-------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_ARRAYAGG(a), JSON_ARRAYAGG(b) FROM t1 GROUP BY b;\n+------------------+------------------+\n| JSON_ARRAYAGG(a) | JSON_ARRAYAGG(b) |\n+------------------+------------------+\n| [1,2,1,2]        | [1,1,1,1]        |\n| [3,2,2,2]        | [2,2,2,2]        |\n+------------------+------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_arrayagg/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_arrayagg/'),
(744,'SETVAL',39,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.1\n----------------------------\nSEQUENCEs were introduced in MariaDB 10.3.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nSETVAL(sequence_name, next_value, [is_used, [round]])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSet the next value to be returned for a SEQUENCE.\n\nThis function is compatible with PostgreSQL syntax, extended with the round\nargument.\n\nIf the is_used argument is not given or is 1 or true, then the next used value\nwill one after the given value. If is_used is 0 or false then the next\ngenerated value will be the given value.\n\nIf round is used then it will set the round value (or the internal cycle\ncount, starting at zero) for the sequence. If round is not used, it\'s assumed\nto be 0.\n\nnext_value must be an integer literal.\n\nFor SEQUENCE tables defined with CYCLE (see CREATE SEQUENCE) one should use\nboth next_value and round to define the next value. In this case the current\nsequence value is defined to be round, next_value.\n\nThe result returned by SETVAL() is next_value or NULL if the given next_value\nand round is smaller than the current value.\n\nSETVAL() will not set the SEQUENCE value to a something that is less than its\ncurrent value. This is needed to ensure that SETVAL() is replication safe. If\nyou want to set the SEQUENCE to a smaller number use ALTER SEQUENCE.\n\nIf CYCLE is used, first round and then next_value are compared to see if the\nvalue is bigger than the current value.\n\nInternally, in the MariaDB server, SETVAL() is used to inform slaves that a\nSEQUENCE has changed value. The slave may get SETVAL() statements out of\norder, but this is ok as only the biggest one will have an effect.\n\nSETVAL requires the INSERT privilege.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT setval(foo, 42);           -- Next nextval will return 43\nSELECT setval(foo, 42, true);     -- Same as above\nSELECT setval(foo, 42, false);    -- Next nextval will return 42\n\nSETVAL setting higher and lower values on a sequence with an increment of 10:\n\nSELECT NEXTVAL(s);\n+------------+\n| NEXTVAL(s) |\n+------------+\n|         50 |\n+------------+\n\nSELECT SETVAL(s, 100);\n+----------------+\n| SETVAL(s, 100) |\n+----------------+\n|            100 |\n+----------------+\n\nSELECT NEXTVAL(s);\n+------------+\n| NEXTVAL(s) |\n+------------+\n|        110 |\n+------------+\n\nSELECT SETVAL(s, 50);\n+---------------+\n| SETVAL(s, 50) |\n+---------------+\n|          NULL |\n+---------------+\n\nSELECT NEXTVAL(s);\n+------------+\n| NEXTVAL(s) |\n+------------+\n|        120 |\n+------------+\n\nExample demonstrating round:\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE SEQUENCE s1\n START WITH 1\n MINVALUE 1\n MAXVALUE 99\n INCREMENT BY 1\n CACHE 20\n CYCLE;\n\nSELECT SETVAL(s1, 99, 1, 0);\n+----------------------+\n| SETVAL(s1, 99, 1, 0) |\n+----------------------+\n|                   99 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT NEXTVAL(s1);\n+-------------+\n| NEXTVAL(s1) |\n+-------------+\n|           1 |\n+-------------+\n\nThe following statement returns NULL, as the given next_value and round is\nsmaller than the current value.\n\nSELECT SETVAL(s1, 99, 1, 0);\n+----------------------+\n| SETVAL(s1, 99, 1, 0) |\n+----------------------+\n|                 NULL |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT NEXTVAL(s1);\n+-------------+\n| NEXTVAL(s1) |\n+-------------+\n|           2 |\n+-------------+\n\nIncreasing the round from zero to 1 will allow next_value to be returned.\n\nSELECT SETVAL(s1, 99, 1, 1);\n+----------------------+\n| SETVAL(s1, 99, 1, 1) |\n+----------------------+\n|                   99 |\n+----------------------+\n\nSELECT NEXTVAL(s1);\n+-------------+\n| NEXTVAL(s1) |\n+-------------+\n|           1 |\n+-------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/setval/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/setval/'),
(746,'JSON_OBJECTAGG',40,'MariaDB starting with 10.5.0\n----------------------------\nJSON_OBJECTAGG was added in MariaDB 10.5.0.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nJSON_OBJECTAGG(key, value)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nJSON_OBJECTAGG returns a JSON object containing key-value pairs. It takes two\nexpressions that evaluate to a single value, or two column names, as\narguments, the first used as a key, and the second as a value.\n\nReturns NULL in the case of an error, or if the result contains no rows.\n\nJSON_OBJECTAGG cannot currently be used as a window function.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nselect * from t1;\n+------+-------+\n| a    | b     |\n+------+-------+\n|    1 | Hello |\n|    1 | World |\n|    2 | This  |\n+------+-------+\n\nSELECT JSON_OBJECTAGG(a, b) FROM t1;\n+----------------------------------------+\n| JSON_OBJECTAGG(a, b)                   |\n+----------------------------------------+\n| {\"1\":\"Hello\", \"1\":\"World\", \"2\":\"This\"} |\n+----------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_objectagg/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_objectagg/'),
(749,'JSON_ARRAY_APPEND',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_ARRAY_APPEND(json_doc, path, value[, path, value] ...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nAppends values to the end of the specified arrays within a JSON document,\nreturning the result, or NULL if any of the arguments are NULL.\n\nEvaluation is performed from left to right, with the resulting document from\nthe previous pair becoming the new value against which the next pair is\nevaluated.\n\nIf the json_doc is not a valid JSON document, or if any of the paths are not\nvalid, or contain a * or ** wildcard, an error is returned.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @json = \'[1, 2, [3, 4]]\';\n\nSELECT JSON_ARRAY_APPEND(@json, \'$[0]\', 5)\n+-------------------------------------+\n| JSON_ARRAY_APPEND(@json, \'$[0]\', 5) |\n+-------------------------------------+\n| [[1, 5], 2, [3, 4]]                 |\n+-------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_ARRAY_APPEND(@json, \'$[1]\', 6);\n+-------------------------------------+\n| JSON_ARRAY_APPEND(@json, \'$[1]\', 6) |\n+-------------------------------------+\n| [1, [2, 6], [3, 4]]                 |\n+-------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_ARRAY_APPEND(@json, \'$[1]\', 6, \'$[2]\', 7);\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_ARRAY_APPEND(@json, \'$[1]\', 6, \'$[2]\', 7) |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| [1, [2, 6], [3, 4, 7]]                         |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_ARRAY_APPEND(@json, \'$\', 5);\n+----------------------------------+\n| JSON_ARRAY_APPEND(@json, \'$\', 5) |\n+----------------------------------+\n| [1, 2, [3, 4], 5]                |\n+----------------------------------+\n\nSET @json = \'{\"A\": 1, \"B\": [2], \"C\": [3, 4]}\';\n\nSELECT JSON_ARRAY_APPEND(@json, \'$.B\', 5);\n+------------------------------------+\n| JSON_ARRAY_APPEND(@json, \'$.B\', 5) |\n+------------------------------------+\n| {\"A\": 1, \"B\": [2, 5], \"C\": [3, 4]} |\n+------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_array_append/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_array_append/'),
(747,'JSONPath Expressions',40,'A number of JSON functions accept JSON Path expressions. MariaDB defines this\npath as follows:\n\nJSON Path Syntax\n----------------\n\npath : [\'lax\'] \'$\' [step]*\n\nThe path starts with an optional path mode. At the moment, MariaDB supports\nonly the \"lax\" mode, which is also the mode that is used when it is not\nexplicitly specified.\n\nThe $ symbol represents the context item. The search always starts from the\ncontext item; because of that, the path always starts with $.\n\nThen, it is followed by zero or more steps, which select element(s) in the\nJSON document. A step may be one of the following:\n\n* Object member selector\n* Array element selector\n* Wildcard selector\n\nObject Member Selector\n----------------------\n\nTo select member(s) in a JSON object, one can use one of the following:\n\n* .memberName selects the value of the member with name memberName.\n* .\"memberName\" - the same as above but allows one to select a member with a\nname that\'s not a valid identifier (that is, has space, dot, and/or other\ncharacters)\n* .* - selects the values of all members of the object.\n\nIf the current item is an array (instead of an object), nothing will be\nselected.\n\nArray Element Selector\n----------------------\n\nTo select elements of an array, one can use one of the following:\n\n* [N] selects element number N in the array. The elements are counted from\nzero.\n* [*] selects all elements in the array.\n\nIf the current item is an object (instead of an array), nothing will be\nselected.\n\nStarting from MariaDB server 10.9, JSON path also supports negative index in\narray, \'last\' keyword and range notation (\'to\' keyword) for accessing array\nelements. Negative index starts from -1.\n\n* [-N] selects n th element from end.\n* [last-N] selects n th element from the last element.\n* [M to N] selects range of elements starting from index M to N.\n\nExample:\n\nSET @json=\'{\n      \"A\": [0,\n         [1, 2, 3],\n         [4, 5, 6],\n         \"seven\",\n         0.8,\n         true,\n         false,\n         \"eleven\",\n         [12, [13, 14], {\"key1\":\"value1\"},[15]],\n         true],\n      \"B\": {\"C\": 1},\n      \"D\": 2\n     }\';\nSELECT JSON_EXTRACT(@json, \'$.A[-8][1]\');\n+--------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_EXTRACT(@json, \'$.A[-8][1]\')                |\n+--------------------------------------------------+\n| 5                                                |\n+--------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_EXTRACT(@json, \'$.A[last-7][1]\');\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| SELECT JSON_EXTRACT(@json, \'$.A[last-7][1]\'); |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| 5                                             |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n\nSET @json= \'[\n      [1, {\"key1\": \"value1\"}, 3],\n      [false, 5, 6],\n      [7, 8, [9, {\"key2\": 2}, 11]],\n      [15, 1.34, [14], [\"string1\", [16, {\"key1\":[1,2,3,[4,5,6]]}, 18]]],\n      [19, 20],\n      21, 22\n      ]\';\n\nSELECT JSON_EXTRACT(@json, \'$[0 to 3][2]\');\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_EXTRACT(@json, \'$[0 to 3][2]\')           |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n| [3, 6, [9, {\"key2\": 2}, 11], [14]]            |\n+-----------------------------------------------+\n\nThis will produce output for first index of eighth from last element of a two\ndimensional array.\n\nNote: In range notation, when M > N ( when M,N are greater than or equal to 0)\nor (size of array - M or size of array - N when M, N are less than 0), then it\nis treated as an impossible range and NULL is returned.\n\nSET @json= \'[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\';\nSELECT JSON_EXTRACT(@json, \'$[4 to 2]\');\n+-----------------------------------+\n| JSON_EXTRACT(@json, \'$[4 to 2]\')  |\n+-----------------------------------+\n| NULL                              |\n+-----------------------------------+\n\nWildcard\n--------\n\nThe wildcard step, **, recursively selects all child elements of the current\nelement. Both array elements and object members are selected.\n\nThe wildcard step must not be the last step in the JSONPath expression. It\nmust be followed by an array or object member selector step.\n\nFor example:\n\nselect json_extract(@json_doc, \'$**.price\');\n\nwill select all object members in the document that are named price, while\n\nselect json_extract(@json_doc, \'$**[2]\');\n\nwill select the second element in each of the arrays present in the document.\n\nCompatibility\n-------------\n\nMariaDB\'s JSONPath syntax supports a subset of JSON Path\'s definition in the\nSQL Standard. The most notable things not supported are the strict mode and\nfilters.\n\nMariaDB\'s JSONPath is close to MySQL\'s JSONPath. The wildcard step ( ** ) is a\nnon-standard extension that has the same meaning as in MySQL. The difference\nbetween MariaDB and MySQL\'s JSONPath is: MySQL doesn\'t allow one to specify\nthe mode explicitly (but uses lax mode implicitly).\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/jsonpath-expressions/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/jsonpath-expressions/'),
(750,'JSON_ARRAY_INSERT',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_ARRAY_INSERT(json_doc, path, value[, path, value] ...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nInserts a value into a JSON document, returning the modified document, or NULL\nif any of the arguments are NULL.\n\nEvaluation is performed from left to right, with the resulting document from\nthe previous pair becoming the new value against which the next pair is\nevaluated.\n\nIf the json_doc is not a valid JSON document, or if any of the paths are not\nvalid, or contain a * or ** wildcard, an error is returned.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @json = \'[1, 2, [3, 4]]\';\n\nSELECT JSON_ARRAY_INSERT(@json, \'$[0]\', 5);\n+-------------------------------------+\n| JSON_ARRAY_INSERT(@json, \'$[0]\', 5) |\n+-------------------------------------+\n| [5, 1, 2, [3, 4]]                   |\n+-------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_ARRAY_INSERT(@json, \'$[1]\', 6);\n+-------------------------------------+\n| JSON_ARRAY_INSERT(@json, \'$[1]\', 6) |\n+-------------------------------------+\n| [1, 6, 2, [3, 4]]                   |\n+-------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_ARRAY_INSERT(@json, \'$[1]\', 6, \'$[2]\', 7);\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_ARRAY_INSERT(@json, \'$[1]\', 6, \'$[2]\', 7) |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| [1, 6, 7, 2, [3, 4]]                           |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_array_insert/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_array_insert/'),
(752,'JSON_CONTAINS',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_CONTAINS(json_doc, val[, path])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns whether or not the specified value is found in the given JSON document\nor, optionally, at the specified path within the document. Returns 1 if it\ndoes, 0 if not and NULL if any of the arguments are null. An error occurs if\nthe document or path is not valid, or contains the * or ** wildcards.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @json = \'{\"A\": 0, \"B\": {\"C\": 1}, \"D\": 2}\';\n\nSELECT JSON_CONTAINS(@json, \'2\', \'$.A\');\n+----------------------------------+\n| JSON_CONTAINS(@json, \'2\', \'$.A\') |\n+----------------------------------+\n|                                0 |\n+----------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_CONTAINS(@json, \'2\', \'$.D\');\n+----------------------------------+\n| JSON_CONTAINS(@json, \'2\', \'$.D\') |\n+----------------------------------+\n|                                1 |\n+----------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_CONTAINS(@json, \'{\"C\": 1}\', \'$.A\');\n+-----------------------------------------+\n| JSON_CONTAINS(@json, \'{\"C\": 1}\', \'$.A\') |\n+-----------------------------------------+\n|                                       0 |\n+-----------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_CONTAINS(@json, \'{\"C\": 1}\', \'$.B\');\n+-----------------------------------------+\n| JSON_CONTAINS(@json, \'{\"C\": 1}\', \'$.B\') |\n+-----------------------------------------+\n|                                       1 |\n+-----------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_contains/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_contains/'),
(753,'JSON_CONTAINS_PATH',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_CONTAINS_PATH(json_doc, return_arg, path[, path] ...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nIndicates whether the given JSON document contains data at the specified path\nor paths. Returns 1 if it does, 0 if not and NULL if any of the arguments are\nnull.\n\nThe return_arg can be one or all:\n\n* one - Returns 1 if at least one path exists within the JSON document. \n* all - Returns 1 only if all paths exist within the JSON document.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @json = \'{\"A\": 1, \"B\": [2], \"C\": [3, 4]}\';\n\nSELECT JSON_CONTAINS_PATH(@json, \'one\', \'$.A\', \'$.D\');\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_CONTAINS_PATH(@json, \'one\', \'$.A\', \'$.D\') |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n|                                              1 |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n1 row in set (0.00 sec)\n\nSELECT JSON_CONTAINS_PATH(@json, \'all\', \'$.A\', \'$.D\');\n+------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_CONTAINS_PATH(@json, \'all\', \'$.A\', \'$.D\') |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n|                                              0 |\n+------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_contains_path/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_contains_path/'),
(754,'JSON_DEPTH',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_DEPTH(json_doc)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the maximum depth of the given JSON document, or NULL if the argument\nis null. An error will occur if the argument is an invalid JSON document.\n\n* Scalar values or empty arrays or objects have a depth of 1.\n* Arrays or objects that are not empty but contain only elements or member\nvalues of depth 1 will have a depth of 2.\n* In other cases, the depth will be greater than 2.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT JSON_DEPTH(\'[]\'), JSON_DEPTH(\'true\'), JSON_DEPTH(\'{}\');\n+------------------+--------------------+------------------+\n| JSON_DEPTH(\'[]\') | JSON_DEPTH(\'true\') | JSON_DEPTH(\'{}\') |\n+------------------+--------------------+------------------+\n|                1 |                  1 |                1 |\n+------------------+--------------------+------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_DEPTH(\'[1, 2, 3]\'), JSON_DEPTH(\'[[], {}, []]\');\n+-------------------------+----------------------------+\n| JSON_DEPTH(\'[1, 2, 3]\') | JSON_DEPTH(\'[[], {}, []]\') |\n+-------------------------+----------------------------+\n|                       2 |                          2 |\n+-------------------------+----------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_DEPTH(\'[1, 2, [3, 4, 5, 6], 7]\');\n+---------------------------------------+\n| JSON_DEPTH(\'[1, 2, [3, 4, 5, 6], 7]\') |\n+---------------------------------------+\n|                                     3 |\n+---------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_depth/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_depth/'),
(755,'JSON_DETAILED',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_DETAILED(json_doc[, tab_size])\nJSON_PRETTY(json_doc[, tab_size])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nRepresents JSON in the most understandable way emphasizing nested structures.\n\nJSON_PRETTY was added as an alias for JSON_DETAILED in MariaDB 10.10.3,\nMariaDB 10.9.5, MariaDB 10.8.7, MariaDB 10.7.8, MariaDB 10.6.12, MariaDB\n10.5.19 and MariaDB 10.4.28.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSET @j = \'{ \"A\":1,\"B\":[2,3]}\';\n\nSELECT @j;\n+--------------------+\n| @j                 |\n+--------------------+\n| { \"A\":1,\"B\":[2,3]} |\n+--------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_DETAILED(@j);\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_DETAILED(@j)                                          |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| {\n  \"A\": 1,\n  \"B\":\n  [\n    2,\n    3\n  ]\n} |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_detailed/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_detailed/'),
(756,'JSON_EQUALS',40,'MariaDB starting with 10.7.0\n----------------------------\nJSON_EQUALS was added in MariaDB 10.7.0\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nJSON_EQUALS(json1, json2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nChecks if there is equality between two json objects. Returns 1 if it there\nis, 0 if not, or NULL if any of the arguments are null.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT JSON_EQUALS(\'{\"a\"   :[1, 2, 3],\"b\":[4]}\', \'{\"b\":[4],\"a\":[1, 2, 3.0]}\');\n+------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_EQUALS(\'{\"a\"   :[1, 2, 3],\"b\":[4]}\', \'{\"b\":[4],\"a\":[1, 2, 3.0]}\') |\n+------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n|                                                                      1 |\n+------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_EQUALS(\'{\"a\":[1, 2, 3]}\', \'{\"a\":[1, 2, 3.01]}\');\n+------------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_EQUALS(\'{\"a\":[1, 2, 3]}\', \'{\"a\":[1, 2, 3.01]}\') |\n+------------------------------------------------------+\n|                                                    0 |\n+------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_equals/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_equals/'),
(757,'JSON_EXISTS',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nDetermines whether a specified JSON value exists in the given data. Returns 1\nif found, 0 if not, or NULL if any of the inputs were NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT JSON_EXISTS(\'{\"key1\":\"xxxx\", \"key2\":[1, 2, 3]}\', \"$.key2\");\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_EXISTS(\'{\"key1\":\"xxxx\", \"key2\":[1, 2, 3]}\', \"$.key2\") |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n|                                                          1 |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_EXISTS(\'{\"key1\":\"xxxx\", \"key2\":[1, 2, 3]}\', \"$.key3\");\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_EXISTS(\'{\"key1\":\"xxxx\", \"key2\":[1, 2, 3]}\', \"$.key3\") |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n|                                                          0 |\n+------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_EXISTS(\'{\"key1\":\"xxxx\", \"key2\":[1, 2, 3]}\', \"$.key2[1]\");\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_EXISTS(\'{\"key1\":\"xxxx\", \"key2\":[1, 2, 3]}\', \"$.key2[1]\") |\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n|                                                             1 |\n+---------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_EXISTS(\'{\"key1\":\"xxxx\", \"key2\":[1, 2, 3]}\', \"$.key2[10]\");\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_EXISTS(\'{\"key1\":\"xxxx\", \"key2\":[1, 2, 3]}\', \"$.key2[10]\") |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n|                                                              0 |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_exists/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_exists/'),
(758,'JSON_EXTRACT',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_EXTRACT(json_doc, path[, path] ...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nExtracts data from a JSON document. The extracted data is selected from the\nparts matching the path arguments. Returns all matched values; either as a\nsingle matched value, or, if the arguments could return multiple values, a\nresult autowrapped as an array in the matching order.\n\nReturns NULL if no paths match or if any of the arguments are NULL.\n\nAn error will occur if any path argument is not a valid path, or if the\njson_doc argument is not a valid JSON document.\n\nThe path expression be a JSONPath expression as supported by MariaDB\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @json = \'[1, 2, [3, 4]]\';\n\nSELECT JSON_EXTRACT(@json, \'$[1]\');\n+-----------------------------+\n| JSON_EXTRACT(@json, \'$[1]\') |\n+-----------------------------+\n| 2                           |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_EXTRACT(@json, \'$[2]\');\n+-----------------------------+\n| JSON_EXTRACT(@json, \'$[2]\') |\n+-----------------------------+\n| [3, 4]                      |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_EXTRACT(@json, \'$[2][1]\');\n+--------------------------------+\n| JSON_EXTRACT(@json, \'$[2][1]\') |\n+--------------------------------+\n| 4                              |\n+--------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_extract/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_extract/'),
(759,'JSON_INSERT',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_INSERT(json_doc, path, val[, path, val] ...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nInserts data into a JSON document, returning the resulting document or NULL if\neither of the json_doc or path arguments are null.\n\nAn error will occur if the JSON document is invalid, or if any of the paths\nare invalid or contain a * or ** wildcard.\n\nJSON_INSERT can only insert data while JSON_REPLACE can only update. JSON_SET\ncan update or insert data.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @json = \'{ \"A\": 0, \"B\": [1, 2]}\';\n\nSELECT JSON_INSERT(@json, \'$.C\', \'[3, 4]\');\n+--------------------------------------+\n| JSON_INSERT(@json, \'$.C\', \'[3, 4]\')  |\n+--------------------------------------+\n| { \"A\": 0, \"B\": [1, 2], \"C\":\"[3, 4]\"} |\n+--------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_insert/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_insert/'),
(760,'JSON_KEYS',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_KEYS(json_doc[, path])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the keys as a JSON array from the top-level value of a JSON object or,\nif the optional path argument is provided, the top-level keys from the path.\n\nExcludes keys from nested sub-objects in the top level value. The resulting\narray will be empty if the selected object is empty.\n\nReturns NULL if any of the arguments are null, a given path does not locate an\nobject, or if the json_doc argument is not an object.\n\nAn error will occur if JSON document is invalid, the path is invalid or if the\npath contains a * or ** wildcard.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT JSON_KEYS(\'{\"A\": 1, \"B\": {\"C\": 2}}\');\n+--------------------------------------+\n| JSON_KEYS(\'{\"A\": 1, \"B\": {\"C\": 2}}\') |\n+--------------------------------------+\n| [\"A\", \"B\"]                           |\n+--------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_KEYS(\'{\"A\": 1, \"B\": 2, \"C\": {\"D\": 3}}\', \'$.C\');\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_KEYS(\'{\"A\": 1, \"B\": 2, \"C\": {\"D\": 3}}\', \'$.C\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| [\"D\"]                                               |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_keys/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_keys/'),
(761,'JSON_LENGTH',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_LENGTH(json_doc[, path])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the length of a JSON document, or, if the optional path argument is\ngiven, the length of the value within the document specified by the path.\n\nReturns NULL if any of the arguments argument are null or the path argument\ndoes not identify a value in the document.\n\nAn error will occur if the JSON document is invalid, the path is invalid or if\nthe path contains a * or ** wildcard.\n\nLength will be determined as follow:\n\n* A scalar\'s length is always 1.\n* If an array, the number of elements in the array.\n* If an object, the number of members in the object.\n\nThe length of nested arrays or objects are not counted.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_length/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_length/'),
(764,'JSON_MERGE_PATCH',40,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.16\n-----------------------------\nJSON_MERGE_PATCH was introduced in MariaDB 10.3.16 and MariaDB 10.4.5.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nJSON_MERGE_PATCH(json_doc, json_doc[, json_doc] ...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nMerges the given JSON documents, returning the merged result, or NULL if any\nargument is NULL.\n\nJSON_MERGE_PATCH is an RFC 7396-compliant replacement for JSON_MERGE, which\nhas been deprecated.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSET @json1 = \'[1, 2]\';\nSET @json2 = \'[2, 3]\';\nSELECT JSON_MERGE_PATCH(@json1,@json2),JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE(@json1,@json2);\n+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+\n| JSON_MERGE_PATCH(@json1,@json2) | JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE(@json1,@json2) |\n+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+\n| [2, 3]                          | [1, 2, 2, 3]                       |\n+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_merge_patch/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_merge_patch/'),
(765,'JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE',40,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.16\n-----------------------------\nJSON_MERGE_PRESERVE was introduced in MariaDB 10.3.16 and MariaDB 10.4.5.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nJSON_MERGE_PRESERVE(json_doc, json_doc[, json_doc] ...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nMerges the given JSON documents, returning the merged result, or NULL if any\nargument is NULL.\n\nJSON_MERGE_PRESERVE was introduced in MariaDB 10.2.25, MariaDB 10.3.16 and\nMariaDB 10.4.5 as a synonym for JSON_MERGE, which has been deprecated.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSET @json1 = \'[1, 2]\';\nSET @json2 = \'[2, 3]\';\nSELECT JSON_MERGE_PATCH(@json1,@json2),JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE(@json1,@json2);\n+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+\n| JSON_MERGE_PATCH(@json1,@json2) | JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE(@json1,@json2) |\n+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+\n| [2, 3]                          | [1, 2, 2, 3]                       |\n+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_merge_preserve/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_merge_preserve/'),
(766,'JSON_NORMALIZE',40,'MariaDB starting with 10.7.0\n----------------------------\nJSON_NORMALIZE was added in MariaDB 10.7.0.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nJSON_NORMALIZE(json)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nRecursively sorts keys and removes spaces, allowing comparison of json\ndocuments for equality.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nWe may wish our application to use the database to enforce a unique constraint\non the JSON contents, and we can do so using the JSON_NORMALIZE function in\ncombination with a unique key.\n\nFor example, if we have a table with a JSON column:\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (\n id BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,\n val JSON,\n /* other columns here */\n PRIMARY KEY (id)\n);\n\nAdd a unique constraint using JSON_NORMALIZE like this:\n\nALTER TABLE t1\n ADD COLUMN jnorm JSON AS (JSON_NORMALIZE(val)) VIRTUAL,\n ADD UNIQUE KEY (jnorm);\n\nWe can test this by first inserting a row as normal:\n\nINSERT INTO t1 (val) VALUES (\'{\"name\":\"alice\",\"color\":\"blue\"}\');\n\nAnd then seeing what happens with a different string which would produce the\nsame JSON object:\n\nINSERT INTO t1 (val) VALUES (\'{ \"color\": \"blue\", \"name\": \"alice\" }\');\nERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry \'{\"color\":\"blue\",\"name\":\"alice\"}\' for key\n\'jnorm\'\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_normalize/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_normalize/'),
(768,'JSON_OVERLAPS',40,'MariaDB starting with 10.9\n--------------------------\nJSON_OVERLAPS was added in MariaDB 10.9.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nJSON_OVERLAPS(json_doc1, json_doc2)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nJSON_OVERLAPS() compares two json documents and returns true if they have at\nleast one common key-value pair between two objects, array element common\nbetween two arrays, or array element common with scalar if one of the\narguments is a scalar and other is an array. If two json documents are\nscalars, it returns true if they have same type and value.\n\nIf none of the above conditions are satisfied then it returns false.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT JSON_OVERLAPS(\'false\', \'false\');\n+---------------------------------+\n| JSON_OVERLAPS(\'false\', \'false\') |\n+---------------------------------+\n| 1                               |\n+---------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_OVERLAPS(\'true\', \'[\"abc\", 1, 2, true, false]\');\n+----------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_OVERLAPS(\'true\',\'[\"abc\", 1, 2, true, false]\') |\n+----------------------------------------------------+\n| 1                                                  |\n+----------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_OVERLAPS(\'{\"A\": 1, \"B\": {\"C\":2}}\', \'{\"A\": 2, \"B\": {\"C\":2}}\') AS\nis_overlap;\n+---------------------+\n| is_overlap          |\n+---------------------+\n| 1                   |\n+---------------------+\n\nPartial match is considered as no-match.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT JSON_OVERLAPS(\'[1, 2, true, false, null]\', \'[3, 4, [1]]\') AS is_overlap;\n+--------------------- +\n| is_overlap           |\n+----------------------+\n| 0                    |\n+----------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_overlaps/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_overlaps/'),
(770,'JSON_QUERY',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_QUERY(json_doc, path)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nGiven a JSON document, returns an object or array specified by the path.\nReturns NULL if not given a valid JSON document, or if there is no match.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nselect json_query(\'{\"key1\":{\"a\":1, \"b\":[1,2]}}\', \'$.key1\');\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| json_query(\'{\"key1\":{\"a\":1, \"b\":[1,2]}}\', \'$.key1\') |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| {\"a\":1, \"b\":[1,2]}                                  |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n\nselect json_query(\'{\"key1\":123, \"key1\": [1,2,3]}\', \'$.key1\');\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| json_query(\'{\"key1\":123, \"key1\": [1,2,3]}\', \'$.key1\') |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| [1,2,3]                                               |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_query/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_query/'),
(771,'JSON_QUOTE',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_QUOTE(json_value)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nQuotes a string as a JSON value, usually for producing valid JSON string\nliterals for inclusion in JSON documents. Wraps the string with double quote\ncharacters and escapes interior quotes and other special characters, returning\na utf8mb4 string.\n\nReturns NULL if the argument is NULL.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT JSON_QUOTE(\'A\'), JSON_QUOTE(\"B\"), JSON_QUOTE(\'\"C\"\');\n+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+\n| JSON_QUOTE(\'A\') | JSON_QUOTE(\"B\") | JSON_QUOTE(\'\"C\"\') |\n+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+\n| \"A\"             | \"B\"             | \"\\\"C\\\"\"           |\n+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_quote/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_quote/'),
(772,'JSON_REMOVE',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_REMOVE(json_doc, path[, path] ...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nRemoves data from a JSON document returning the result, or NULL if any of the\narguments are null. If the element does not exist in the document, no changes\nare made.\n\nThe function returns NULL and throws a warning if the JSON document is\ninvalid, the path is invalid, contains a range, or contains a * or ** wildcard.\n\nPath arguments are evaluated from left to right, with the result from the\nearlier evaluation being used as the value for the next.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT JSON_REMOVE(\'{\"A\": 1, \"B\": 2, \"C\": {\"D\": 3}}\', \'$.C\');\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_REMOVE(\'{\"A\": 1, \"B\": 2, \"C\": {\"D\": 3}}\', \'$.C\') |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| {\"A\": 1, \"B\": 2}                                      |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_REMOVE(\'[\"A\", \"B\", [\"C\", \"D\"], \"E\"]\', \'$[1]\');\n+----------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_REMOVE(\'[\"A\", \"B\", [\"C\", \"D\"], \"E\"]\', \'$[1]\') |\n+----------------------------------------------------+\n| [\"A\", [\"C\", \"D\"], \"E\"]                             |\n+----------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_remove/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_remove/'),
(773,'JSON_REPLACE',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_REPLACE(json_doc, path, val[, path, val] ...)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReplaces existing values in a JSON document, returning the result, or NULL if\nany of the arguments are NULL.\n\nAn error will occur if the JSON document is invalid, the path is invalid or if\nthe path contains a * or ** wildcard.\n\nPaths and values are evaluated from left to right, with the result from the\nearlier evaluation being used as the value for the next.\n\nJSON_REPLACE can only update data, while JSON_INSERT can only insert. JSON_SET\ncan update or insert data.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT JSON_REPLACE(\'{ \"A\": 1, \"B\": [2, 3]}\', \'$.B[1]\', 4);\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_REPLACE(\'{ \"A\": 1, \"B\": [2, 3]}\', \'$.B[1]\', 4) |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n| { \"A\": 1, \"B\": [2, 4]}                              |\n+-----------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_replace/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_replace/'),
(774,'JSON_SCHEMA_VALID',40,'MariaDB starting with 11.1\n--------------------------\nJSON_SCHEMA_VALID was introduced in MariaDB 11.1.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nJSON_SCHEMA_VALID(schema, json);\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nJSON_SCHEMA_VALID allows MariaDB to support JSON schema validation. If a given\njson is valid against a schema it returns true. When JSON does not validate\nagainst the schema, it does not return a message about which keyword it failed\nagainst and only returns false.\n\nThe function supports JSON Schema Draft 2020 with a few exceptions:\n\n* External resources are not supported\n* Hyper schema keywords are not supported\n* Formats like date, email etc are treated as annotations.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nTo create validation rules for json field\n\nCREATE TABLE obj_table(val_obj JSON CHECK(JSON_SCHEMA_VALID(\'{\n \"type\":\"object\",\n  \"properties\": {\n   \"number1\":{\n    \"type\":\"number\",\n    \"maximum\":5,\n    \"const\":4\n   },\n   \"string1\":{\n    \"type\":\"string\",\n    \"maxLength\":5,\n    \"minLength\":3\n   },\n  \"object1\":{\n   \"type\":\"object\",\n   \"properties\":{\n    \"key1\": {\"type\":\"string\"},\n    \"key2\":{\"type\":\"array\"},\n    \"key3\":{\"type\":\"number\", \"minimum\":3}\n   },\n   \"dependentRequired\": { \"key1\":[\"key3\"] }\n  }\n },\n \"required\":[\"number1\",\"object1\"]\n }\', val_obj)));\n\nINSERT INTO obj_table VALUES(\n \'{\"number1\":4, \"string1\":\"abcd\",\n \"object1\":{\"key1\":\"val1\", \"key2\":[1,2,3, \"string1\"], \"key3\":4}}\'\n);\n\nINSERT INTO obj_table VALUES(\n \'{\"number1\":3, \"string1\":\"abcd\",\n \"object1\":{\"key1\":\"val1\", \"key2\":[1,2,3, \"string1\"], \"key3\":4}}\'\n);\nERROR 4025 (23000): CONSTRAINT `obj_table.val_obj` failed for\n`test`.`obj_table`\n\nSELECT * FROM obj_table;\n+------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n-------------------+\n| val_obj                                                                     \n          |\n+------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n-------------------+\n| {\"number1\":4, \"string1\":\"abcd\", \"object1\":{\"key1\":\"val1\", \"key2\":[1,2,3,\n\"string1\"], \"key3\":4}} |\n+------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n-------------------+\n\nSET @schema= \'{\n \"properties\" : {\n  \"number1\":{ \"maximum\":10 },\n  \"string1\" : { \"maxLength\": 3}\n }\n}\';\n\nSELECT JSON_SCHEMA_VALID(@schema, \'{ \"number1\":25, \"string1\":\"ab\" }\');\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_SCHEMA_VALID(@schema, \'{ \"number1\":25, \"string1\":\"ab\" }\') |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n|                                                              0 |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_SCHEMA_VALID(@schema, \'{ \"number1\":10, \"string1\":\"ab\" }\');\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_SCHEMA_VALID(@schema, \'{ \"number1\":10, \"string1\":\"ab\" }\') |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n|                                                              1 |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_schema_valid/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_schema_valid/'),
(775,'JSON_SEARCH',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_SEARCH(json_doc, return_arg, search_str[, escape_char[, path] ...])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the path to the given string within a JSON document, or NULL if any of\njson_doc, search_str or a path argument is NULL; if the search string is not\nfound, or if no path exists within the document.\n\nA warning will occur if the JSON document is not valid, any of the path\narguments are not valid, if return_arg is neither one nor all, or if the\nescape character is not a constant. NULL will be returned.\n\nreturn_arg can be one of two values:\n\n* \'one: Terminates after finding the first match, so will return one path\nstring. If there is more than one match, it is undefined which is considered\nfirst.\n* all: Returns all matching path strings, without duplicates. Multiple strings\nare autowrapped as an array. The order is undefined.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @json = \'[\"A\", [{\"B\": \"1\"}], {\"C\":\"AB\"}, {\"D\":\"BC\"}]\';\n\nSELECT JSON_SEARCH(@json, \'one\', \'AB\');\n+---------------------------------+\n| JSON_SEARCH(@json, \'one\', \'AB\') |\n+---------------------------------+\n| \"$[2].C\"                        |\n+---------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_search/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_search/'),
(778,'JSON_TYPE',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_TYPE(json_val)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns the type of a JSON value (as a string), or NULL if the argument is\nnull.\n\nAn error will occur if the argument is an invalid JSON value.\n\nThe following is a complete list of the possible return types:\n\n+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------------+\n| Return type                       | Value           | Example               |\n+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------------+\n| ARRAY                             | JSON array      | [1, 2, {\"key\":        |\n|                                   |                 | \"value\"}]             |\n+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------------+\n| OBJECT                            | JSON object     | {\"key\":\"value\"}       |\n+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------------+\n| BOOLEAN                           | JSON            | true, false           |\n|                                   | true/false      |                       |\n|                                   | literals        |                       |\n+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------------+\n| DOUBLE                            | A number with   | 1.2                   |\n|                                   | at least one    |                       |\n|                                   | floating point  |                       |\n|                                   | decimal.        |                       |\n+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------------+\n| INTEGER                           | A number        | 1                     |\n|                                   | without a       |                       |\n|                                   | floating point  |                       |\n|                                   | decimal.        |                       |\n+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------------+\n| NULL                              | JSON null       | null                  |\n|                                   | literal (this   |                       |\n|                                   | is returned as  |                       |\n|                                   | a string, not   |                       |\n|                                   | to be confused  |                       |\n|                                   | with the SQL    |                       |\n|                                   | NULL value!)    |                       |\n+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------------+\n| STRING                            | JSON String     | \"a sample string\"     |\n+-----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------------+\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT JSON_TYPE(\'{\"A\": 1, \"B\": 2, \"C\": 3}\');\n+---------------------------------------+\n| JSON_TYPE(\'{\"A\": 1, \"B\": 2, \"C\": 3}\') |\n+---------------------------------------+\n| OBJECT                                |\n+---------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_type/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_type/'),
(779,'JSON_UNQUOTE',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_UNQUOTE(val)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nUnquotes a JSON value, returning a string, or NULL if the argument is null.\n\nAn error will occur if the given value begins and ends with double quotes and\nis an invalid JSON string literal.\n\nIf the given value is not a JSON string, value is passed through unmodified.\n\nCertain character sequences have special meanings within a string. Usually, a\nbackslash is ignored, but the escape sequences in the table below are\nrecognised by MariaDB, unless the SQL Mode is set to NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES SQL.\n\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| Escape sequence                               | Character                   |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\\"                                            | Double quote (\")            |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\b                                            | Backslash                   |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\f                                            | Formfeed                    |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\n                                            | Newline (linefeed)          |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\r                                            | Carriage return             |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\t                                            | Tab                         |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\\\                                            | Backslash (\\)               |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n| \\uXXXX                                        | UTF-8 bytes for Unicode     |\n|                                               | value XXXX                  |\n+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT JSON_UNQUOTE(\'\"Monty\"\');\n+-------------------------+\n| JSON_UNQUOTE(\'\"Monty\"\') |\n+-------------------------+\n| Monty                   |\n+-------------------------+\n\nWith the default SQL Mode:\n\nSELECT JSON_UNQUOTE(\'Si\\bng\\ting\');\n+-----------------------------+\n| JSON_UNQUOTE(\'Si\\bng\\ting\') |\n+-----------------------------+\n| Sng	ing                   |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nSetting NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES:\n\nSET @@sql_mode = \'NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES\';\n\nSELECT JSON_UNQUOTE(\'Si\\bng\\ting\');\n+-----------------------------+\n| JSON_UNQUOTE(\'Si\\bng\\ting\') |\n+-----------------------------+\n| Si\\bng\\ting                 |\n+-----------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_unquote/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_unquote/'),
(777,'JSON_TABLE',40,'MariaDB starting with 10.6.0\n----------------------------\nJSON_TABLE was added in MariaDB 10.6.0.\n\nJSON_TABLE is a table function that converts JSON data into a relational form.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nJSON_TABLE(json_doc, \n     context_path COLUMNS (column_list)\n) [AS] alias\n\ncolumn_list:\n  column[, column][, ...]\n\ncolumn:\n  name FOR ORDINALITY\n  |  name type PATH path_str [on_empty] [on_error]\n  |  name type EXISTS PATH path_str\n  |  NESTED PATH path_str COLUMNS (column_list)\n\non_empty:\n  {NULL | DEFAULT string | ERROR} ON EMPTY\n\non_error:\n  {NULL | DEFAULT string | ERROR} ON ERROR\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nJSON_TABLE can be used in contexts where a table reference can be used; in the\nFROM clause of a SELECT statement, and in multi-table UPDATE/DELETE statements.\n\njson_doc is the JSON document to extract data from. In the simplest case, it\nis a string literal containing JSON. In more complex cases it can be an\narbitrary expression returning JSON. The expression may have references to\ncolumns of other tables. However, one can only refer to tables that precede\nthis JSON_TABLE invocation. For RIGHT JOIN, it is assumed that its outer side\nprecedes the inner. All tables in outer selects are also considered preceding.\n\ncontext_path is a JSON Path expression pointing to a collection of nodes in\njson_doc that will be used as the source of rows.\n\nThe COLUMNS clause declares the names and types of the columns that JSON_TABLE\nreturns, as well as how the values of the columns are produced.\n\nColumn Definitions\n------------------\n\nThe following types of columns are supported:\n\nPath Columns\n------------\n\nname type PATH path_str [on_empty] [on_error]\n\nLocates the JSON node pointed to by path_str and returns its value. The\npath_str is evaluated using the current row source node as the context node.\n\nset @json=\'\n[\n {\"name\":\"Laptop\", \"color\":\"black\", \"price\":\"1000\"},\n {\"name\":\"Jeans\",  \"color\":\"blue\"}\n]\';\n\nselect * from json_table(@json, \'$[*]\' \n columns(\n name  varchar(10) path \'$.name\',\n color varchar(10) path \'$.color\',\n price decimal(8,2) path \'$.price\' )\n) as jt;\n+--------+-------+---------+\n| name   | color | price   |\n+--------+-------+---------+\n| Laptop | black | 1000.00 |\n| Jeans  | blue  |    NULL |\n+--------+-------+---------+\n\nThe on_empty and on_error clauses specify the actions to be performed when the\nvalue was not found or there was an error condition. See the ON EMPTY and ON\nERROR clauses section for details.\n\nORDINALITY Columns\n------------------\n\nname FOR ORDINALITY\n\nCounts the rows, starting from 1.\n\nExample:\n\nset @json=\'\n[\n {\"name\":\"Laptop\", \"color\":\"black\"},\n {\"name\":\"Jeans\",  \"color\":\"blue\"}\n]\';\n\nselect * from json_table(@json, \'$[*]\' \n columns(\n id for ordinality,\n name  varchar(10) path \'$.name\')\n) as jt;\n+------+--------+\n| id   | name   |\n+------+--------+\n|    1 | Laptop |\n|    2 | Jeans  |\n+------+--------+\n\nEXISTS PATH Columns\n-------------------\n\nname type EXISTS PATH path_str\n\nChecks whether the node pointed to by value_path exists. The value_path is\nevaluated using the current row source node as the context node.\n\nset @json=\'\n[\n {\"name\":\"Laptop\", \"color\":\"black\", \"price\":1000},\n {\"name\":\"Jeans\",  \"color\":\"blue\"}\n]\';\n\nselect * from json_table(@json, \'$[*]\' \n columns(\n name  varchar(10) path \'$.name\',\n has_price integer exists path \'$.price\')\n) as jt;\n+--------+-----------+\n| name   | has_price |\n+--------+-----------+\n| Laptop |         1 |\n| Jeans  |         0 |\n+--------+-----------+\n\nNESTED PATHs\n------------\n\nNESTED PATH converts nested JSON structures into multiple rows.\n\nNESTED PATH path COLUMNS (column_list)\n\nIt finds the sequence of JSON nodes pointed to by path and uses it to produce\nrows. For each found node, a row is generated with column values as specified\nby the NESTED PATH\'s COLUMNS clause. If path finds no nodes, only one row is\ngenerated with all columns having NULL values.\n\nFor example, consider a JSON document that contains an array of items, and\neach item, in turn, is expected to have an array of its available sizes:\n\nset @json=\'\n[\n {\"name\":\"Jeans\",  \"sizes\": [32, 34, 36]},\n {\"name\":\"T-Shirt\", \"sizes\":[\"Medium\", \"Large\"]},\n {\"name\":\"Cellphone\"}\n]\';\n\nNESTED PATH allows one to produce a separate row for each size each item has:\n\nselect * from json_table(@json, \'$[*]\' \n columns(\n  name  varchar(10) path \'$.name\',\n  nested path \'$.sizes[*]\' columns (\n   size varchar(32) path \'$\'\n  )\n )\n) as jt;\n+-----------+--------+\n| name      | size   |\n+-----------+--------+\n| Jeans     | 32     |\n| Jeans     | 34     |\n| Jeans     | 36     |\n| T-Shirt   | Medium |\n| T-Shirt   | Large  |\n| Cellphone | NULL   |\n+-----------+--------+\n\nNESTED PATH clauses can be nested within one another. They can also be located\nnext to each other. In that case, the nested path clauses will produce records\none at a time. The ones that are not producing records will have all columns\nset to NULL.\n\nExample:\n\nset @json=\'\n[\n {\"name\":\"Jeans\",  \"sizes\": [32, 34, 36], \"colors\":[\"black\", \"blue\"]}\n]\';\n\nselect * from json_table(@json, \'$[*]\' \n columns(\n  name  varchar(10) path \'$.name\',\n  nested path \'$.sizes[*]\' columns (\n   size varchar(32) path \'$\'\n  ),\n  nested path \'$.colors[*]\' columns (\n   color varchar(32) path \'$\'\n  )\n )\n) as jt;\n\n+-------+------+-------+\n| name  | size | color |\n+-------+------+-------+\n| Jeans | 32   | NULL  |\n| Jeans | 34   | NULL  |\n| Jeans | 36   | NULL  |\n| Jeans | NULL | black |\n| Jeans | NULL | blue  |\n+-------+------+-------+\n\nON EMPTY and ON ERROR Clauses\n-----------------------------\n\nThe ON EMPTY clause specifies what will be done when the element specified by\nthe search path is missing in the JSON document.\n\non_empty:\n  {NULL | DEFAULT string | ERROR} ON EMPTY\n\nWhen ON EMPTY clause is not present, NULL ON EMPTY is implied.\n\non_error:\n  {NULL | DEFAULT string | ERROR} ON ERROR\n\nThe ON ERROR clause specifies what should be done if a JSON structure error\noccurs when trying to extract the value pointed to by the path expression. A\nJSON structure error here occurs only when one attempts to convert a JSON\nnon-scalar (array or object) into a scalar value. When the ON ERROR clause is\nnot present, NULL ON ERROR is implied.\n\nNote: A datatype conversion error (e.g. attempt to store a non-integer value\ninto an integer field, or a varchar column being truncated) is not considered\na JSON error and so will not trigger the ON ERROR behavior. It will produce\nwarnings, in the same way as CAST(value AS datatype) would.\n\nReplication\n-----------\n\nIn the current code, evaluation of JSON_TABLE is deterministic, that is, for a\ngiven input string JSON_TABLE will always produce the same set of rows in the\nsame order. However, one can think of JSON documents that one can consider\nidentical which will produce different output. In order to be future-proof and\nwithstand changes like:\n\n* sorting JSON object members by name (like MySQL does)\n* changing the way duplicate object members are handled\nthe function is marked as unsafe for statement-based replication.\n\nExtracting a Subdocument into a Column\n--------------------------------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.6.9\n----------------------------\nPrior to MariaDB 10.6.9, JSON_TABLE did not allow one to extract a JSON\n\"subdocument\" into a JSON column.\n\nSELECT * FROM JSON_TABLE(\'{\"foo\": [1,2,3,4]}\',\'$\' columns( jscol json path\n\'$.foo\') ) AS T;\n+-------+\n| jscol |\n+-------+\n| NULL  |\n+-------+\n\nThis is supported from MariaDB 10.6.9:\n\nSELECT * FROM JSON_TABLE(\'{\"foo\": [1,2,3,4]}\',\'$\' columns( jscol json path\n\'$.foo\') ) AS T;\n+-----------+\n| jscol     |\n+-----------+\n| [1,2,3,4] |\n+-----------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_table/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_table/'),
(780,'JSON_VALID',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_VALID(value)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nIndicates whether the given value is a valid JSON document or not. Returns 1\nif valid, 0 if not, and NULL if the argument is NULL.\n\nFrom MariaDB 10.4.3, the JSON_VALID function is automatically used as a CHECK\nconstraint for the JSON data type alias in order to ensure that a valid json\ndocument is inserted.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT JSON_VALID(\'{\"id\": 1, \"name\": \"Monty\"}\');\n+------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_VALID(\'{\"id\": 1, \"name\": \"Monty\"}\') |\n+------------------------------------------+\n|                                        1 |\n+------------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT JSON_VALID(\'{\"id\": 1, \"name\": \"Monty\", \"oddfield\"}\');\n+------------------------------------------------------+\n| JSON_VALID(\'{\"id\": 1, \"name\": \"Monty\", \"oddfield\"}\') |\n+------------------------------------------------------+\n|                                                    0 |\n+------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_valid/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_valid/'),
(781,'JSON_VALUE',40,'Syntax\n------\n\nJSON_VALUE(json_doc, path)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nGiven a JSON document, returns the scalar specified by the path. Returns NULL\nif not given a valid JSON document, or if there is no match.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nselect json_value(\'{\"key1\":123}\', \'$.key1\');\n+--------------------------------------+\n| json_value(\'{\"key1\":123}\', \'$.key1\') |\n+--------------------------------------+\n| 123                                  |\n+--------------------------------------+\n\nselect json_value(\'{\"key1\": [1,2,3], \"key1\":123}\', \'$.key1\');\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| json_value(\'{\"key1\": [1,2,3], \"key1\":123}\', \'$.key1\') |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n| 123                                                   |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+\n\nIn the SET statement below, two escape characters are needed, as a single\nescape character would be applied by the SQL parser in the SET statement, and\nthe escaped character would not form part of the saved value.\n\nSET @json = \'{\"key1\":\"60\\\\\" Table\", \"key2\":\"1\"}\';\n\nSELECT JSON_VALUE(@json,\'$.key1\') AS Name , json_value(@json,\'$.key2\') as ID;\n+-----------+------+\n| Name      | ID   |\n+-----------+------+\n| 60\" Table | 1    |\n+-----------+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_value/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/json_value/'),
(784,'DENSE_RANK',41,'Syntax\n------\n\nDENSE_RANK() OVER (\n [ PARTITION BY partition_expression ]\n [ ORDER BY order_list ]\n)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nDENSE_RANK() is a window function that displays the number of a given row,\nstarting at one and following the ORDER BY sequence of the window function,\nwith identical values receiving the same result. Unlike the RANK() function,\nthere are no skipped values if the preceding results are identical. It is also\nsimilar to the ROW_NUMBER() function except that in that function, identical\nvalues will receive a different row number for each result.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nThe distinction between DENSE_RANK(), RANK() and ROW_NUMBER():\n\nCREATE TABLE student(course VARCHAR(10), mark int, name varchar(10));\n\nINSERT INTO student VALUES \n (\'Maths\', 60, \'Thulile\'),\n (\'Maths\', 60, \'Pritha\'),\n (\'Maths\', 70, \'Voitto\'),\n (\'Maths\', 55, \'Chun\'),\n (\'Biology\', 60, \'Bilal\'),\n (\'Biology\', 70, \'Roger\');\n\nSELECT \n RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY course ORDER BY mark DESC) AS rank,\n DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY course ORDER BY mark DESC) AS dense_rank,\n ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY course ORDER BY mark DESC) AS row_num,\n course, mark, name\nFROM student ORDER BY course, mark DESC;\n+------+------------+---------+---------+------+---------+\n| rank | dense_rank | row_num | course  | mark | name    |\n+------+------------+---------+---------+------+---------+\n|    1 |          1 |       1 | Biology |   70 | Roger   |\n|    2 |          2 |       2 | Biology |   60 | Bilal   |\n|    1 |          1 |       1 | Maths   |   70 | Voitto  |\n|    2 |          2 |       2 | Maths   |   60 | Thulile |\n|    2 |          2 |       3 | Maths   |   60 | Pritha  |\n|    4 |          3 |       4 | Maths   |   55 | Chun    |\n+------+------------+---------+---------+------+---------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/dense_rank/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/dense_rank/'),
(786,'LAG',41,'Syntax\n------\n\nLAG (expr[, offset]) OVER ( \n [ PARTITION BY partition_expression ]\n < ORDER BY order_list >\n)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe LAG function accesses data from a previous row according to the ORDER BY\nclause without the need for a self-join. The specific row is determined by the\noffset (default 1), which specifies the number of rows behind the current row\nto use. An offset of 0 is the current row.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (pk int primary key, a int, b int, c char(10), d decimal(10,\n3), e real);\n\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n ( 1, 0, 1,    \'one\',    0.1,  0.001),\n ( 2, 0, 2,    \'two\',    0.2,  0.002),\n ( 3, 0, 3,    \'three\',  0.3,  0.003),\n ( 4, 1, 2,    \'three\',  0.4,  0.004),\n ( 5, 1, 1,    \'two\',    0.5,  0.005),\n ( 6, 1, 1,    \'one\',    0.6,  0.006),\n ( 7, 2, NULL, \'n_one\',  0.5,  0.007),\n ( 8, 2, 1,    \'n_two\',  NULL, 0.008),\n ( 9, 2, 2,    NULL,     0.7,  0.009),\n (10, 2, 0,    \'n_four\', 0.8,  0.010),\n (11, 2, 10,   NULL,     0.9,  NULL);\n\nSELECT pk, LAG(pk) OVER (ORDER BY pk) AS l,\n LAG(pk,1) OVER (ORDER BY pk) AS l1,\n LAG(pk,2) OVER (ORDER BY pk) AS l2,\n LAG(pk,0) OVER (ORDER BY pk) AS l0,\n LAG(pk,-1) OVER (ORDER BY pk) AS lm1,\n LAG(pk,-2) OVER (ORDER BY pk) AS lm2\nFROM t1;\n+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+\n| pk | l    | l1   | l2   | l0   | lm1  | lm2  |\n+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+\n|  1 | NULL | NULL | NULL |    1 |    2 |    3 |\n|  2 |    1 |    1 | NULL |    2 |    3 |    4 |\n|  3 |    2 |    2 |    1 |    3 |    4 |    5 |\n|  4 |    3 |    3 |    2 |    4 |    5 |    6 |\n|  5 |    4 |    4 |    3 |    5 |    6 |    7 |\n|  6 |    5 |    5 |    4 |    6 |    7 |    8 |\n|  7 |    6 |    6 |    5 |    7 |    8 |    9 |\n|  8 |    7 |    7 |    6 |    8 |    9 |   10 |\n|  9 |    8 |    8 |    7 |    9 |   10 |   11 |\n| 10 |    9 |    9 |    8 |   10 |   11 | NULL |\n| 11 |   10 |   10 |    9 |   11 | NULL | NULL |\n+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lag/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lag/'),
(783,'CUME_DIST',41,'Syntax\n------\n\nCUME_DIST() OVER ( \n [ PARTITION BY partition_expression ]\n [ ORDER BY order_list ]\n)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nCUME_DIST() is a window function that returns the cumulative distribution of a\ngiven row. The following formula is used to calculate the value:\n\n(number of rows <= current row) / (total rows)\n\nExamples\n--------\n\ncreate table t1 (\n pk int primary key,\n a int,\n b int\n);\n\ninsert into t1 values\n( 1 , 0, 10),\n( 2 , 0, 10),\n( 3 , 1, 10),\n( 4 , 1, 10),\n( 8 , 2, 10),\n( 5 , 2, 20),\n( 6 , 2, 20),\n( 7 , 2, 20),\n( 9 , 4, 20),\n(10 , 4, 20);\n\nselect pk, a, b,\n  rank() over (order by a) as rank,\n  percent_rank() over (order by a) as pct_rank,\n  cume_dist() over (order by a) as cume_dist\nfrom t1;\n+----+------+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n| pk | a    | b    | rank | pct_rank     | cume_dist    |\n+----+------+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n|  1 |    0 |   10 |    1 | 0.0000000000 | 0.2000000000 |\n|  2 |    0 |   10 |    1 | 0.0000000000 | 0.2000000000 |\n|  3 |    1 |   10 |    3 | 0.2222222222 | 0.4000000000 |\n|  4 |    1 |   10 |    3 | 0.2222222222 | 0.4000000000 |\n|  5 |    2 |   20 |    5 | 0.4444444444 | 0.8000000000 |\n|  6 |    2 |   20 |    5 | 0.4444444444 | 0.8000000000 |\n|  7 |    2 |   20 |    5 | 0.4444444444 | 0.8000000000 |\n|  8 |    2 |   10 |    5 | 0.4444444444 | 0.8000000000 |\n|  9 |    4 |   20 |    9 | 0.8888888889 | 1.0000000000 |\n| 10 |    4 |   20 |    9 | 0.8888888889 | 1.0000000000 |\n+----+------+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n\nselect pk, a, b,\n   percent_rank() over (order by pk) as pct_rank,\n   cume_dist() over (order by pk) as cume_dist\nfrom t1 order by pk;\n+----+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n| pk | a    | b    | pct_rank     | cume_dist    |\n+----+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n|  1 |    0 |   10 | 0.0000000000 | 0.1000000000 |\n|  2 |    0 |   10 | 0.1111111111 | 0.2000000000 |\n|  3 |    1 |   10 | 0.2222222222 | 0.3000000000 |\n|  4 |    1 |   10 | 0.3333333333 | 0.4000000000 |\n|  5 |    2 |   20 | 0.4444444444 | 0.5000000000 |\n|  6 |    2 |   20 | 0.5555555556 | 0.6000000000 |\n|  7 |    2 |   20 | 0.6666666667 | 0.7000000000 |\n|  8 |    2 |   10 | 0.7777777778 | 0.8000000000 |\n|  9 |    4 |   20 | 0.8888888889 | 0.9000000000 |\n| 10 |    4 |   20 | 1.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n+----+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n\nselect pk, a, b,\n    percent_rank() over (partition by a order by a) as pct_rank,\n    cume_dist() over (partition by a order by a) as cume_dist\nfrom t1;\n+----+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n| pk | a    | b    | pct_rank     | cume_dist    |\n+----+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n|  1 |    0 |   10 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  2 |    0 |   10 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  3 |    1 |   10 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  4 |    1 |   10 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  5 |    2 |   20 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  6 |    2 |   20 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  7 |    2 |   20 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  8 |    2 |   10 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  9 |    4 |   20 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n| 10 |    4 |   20 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n+----+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/cume_dist/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/cume_dist/'),
(787,'LEAD',41,'Syntax\n------\n\nLEAD (expr[, offset]) OVER ( \n [ PARTITION BY partition_expression ]\n [ ORDER BY order_list ]\n)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe LEAD function accesses data from a following row in the same result set\nwithout the need for a self-join. The specific row is determined by the offset\n(default 1), which specifies the number of rows ahead the current row to use.\nAn offset of 0 is the current row.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (pk int primary key, a int, b int, c char(10), d decimal(10,\n3), e real);\n\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n ( 1, 0, 1,    \'one\',    0.1,  0.001),\n ( 2, 0, 2,    \'two\',    0.2,  0.002),\n ( 3, 0, 3,    \'three\',  0.3,  0.003),\n ( 4, 1, 2,    \'three\',  0.4,  0.004),\n ( 5, 1, 1,    \'two\',    0.5,  0.005),\n ( 6, 1, 1,    \'one\',    0.6,  0.006),\n ( 7, 2, NULL, \'n_one\',  0.5,  0.007),\n ( 8, 2, 1,    \'n_two\',  NULL, 0.008),\n ( 9, 2, 2,    NULL,     0.7,  0.009),\n (10, 2, 0,    \'n_four\', 0.8,  0.010),\n (11, 2, 10,   NULL,     0.9,  NULL);\n\nSELECT pk, LEAD(pk) OVER (ORDER BY pk) AS l,\n LEAD(pk,1) OVER (ORDER BY pk) AS l1,\n LEAD(pk,2) OVER (ORDER BY pk) AS l2,\n LEAD(pk,0) OVER (ORDER BY pk) AS l0,\n LEAD(pk,-1) OVER (ORDER BY pk) AS lm1,\n LEAD(pk,-2) OVER (ORDER BY pk) AS lm2\nFROM t1;\n+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+\n| pk | l    | l1   | l2   | l0   | lm1  | lm2  |\n+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+\n|  1 |    2 |    2 |    3 |    1 | NULL | NULL |\n|  2 |    3 |    3 |    4 |    2 |    1 | NULL |\n|  3 |    4 |    4 |    5 |    3 |    2 |    1 |\n|  4 |    5 |    5 |    6 |    4 |    3 |    2 |\n|  5 |    6 |    6 |    7 |    5 |    4 |    3 |\n|  6 |    7 |    7 |    8 |    6 |    5 |    4 |\n|  7 |    8 |    8 |    9 |    7 |    6 |    5 |\n|  8 |    9 |    9 |   10 |    8 |    7 |    6 |\n|  9 |   10 |   10 |   11 |    9 |    8 |    7 |\n| 10 |   11 |   11 | NULL |   10 |    9 |    8 |\n| 11 | NULL | NULL | NULL |   11 |   10 |    9 |\n+----+------+------+------+------+------+------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lead/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/lead/'),
(785,'FIRST_VALUE',41,'Syntax\n------\n\nFIRST_VALUE(expr) OVER (\n [ PARTITION BY partition_expression ]\n [ ORDER BY order_list ]\n)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nFIRST_VALUE returns the first result from an ordered set, or NULL if no such\nresult exists.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE t1 (\n pk int primary key,\n a int,\n b int,\n c char(10),\n d decimal(10, 3),\n e real\n);\n\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES\n( 1, 0, 1,    \'one\',    0.1,  0.001),\n( 2, 0, 2,    \'two\',    0.2,  0.002),\n( 3, 0, 3,    \'three\',  0.3,  0.003),\n( 4, 1, 2,    \'three\',  0.4,  0.004),\n( 5, 1, 1,    \'two\',    0.5,  0.005),\n( 6, 1, 1,    \'one\',    0.6,  0.006),\n( 7, 2, NULL, \'n_one\',  0.5,  0.007),\n( 8, 2, 1,    \'n_two\',  NULL, 0.008),\n( 9, 2, 2,    NULL,     0.7,  0.009),\n(10, 2, 0,    \'n_four\', 0.8,  0.010),\n(11, 2, 10,   NULL,     0.9,  NULL);\n\nSELECT pk, FIRST_VALUE(pk) OVER (ORDER BY pk) AS first_asc,\n     LAST_VALUE(pk) OVER (ORDER BY pk) AS last_asc,\n     FIRST_VALUE(pk) OVER (ORDER BY pk DESC) AS first_desc,\n     LAST_VALUE(pk) OVER (ORDER BY pk DESC) AS last_desc\nFROM t1\nORDER BY pk DESC;\n\n+----+-----------+----------+------------+-----------+\n| pk | first_asc | last_asc | first_desc | last_desc |\n+----+-----------+----------+------------+-----------+\n| 11 |         1 |       11 |         11 |        11 |\n| 10 |         1 |       10 |         11 |        10 |\n|  9 |         1 |        9 |         11 |         9 |\n|  8 |         1 |        8 |         11 |         8 |\n|  7 |         1 |        7 |         11 |         7 |\n|  6 |         1 |        6 |         11 |         6 |\n|  5 |         1 |        5 |         11 |         5 |\n|  4 |         1 |        4 |         11 |         4 |\n|  3 |         1 |        3 |         11 |         3 |\n|  2 |         1 |        2 |         11 |         2 |\n|  1 |         1 |        1 |         11 |         1 |\n+----+-----------+----------+------------+-----------+\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t1 (i int);\nINSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1),(2),(3),(4),(5),(6),(7),(8),(9),(10);\n\nSELECT i,\n FIRST_VALUE(i) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW and 1 FOLLOWING) AS\nf_1f,\n LAST_VALUE(i) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW and 1 FOLLOWING) AS\nl_1f,\n FIRST_VALUE(i) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS\nf_1p1f,\n LAST_VALUE(i) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS\nl_1p1f,\n FIRST_VALUE(i) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND 1 PRECEDING) AS\nf_2p1p,\n LAST_VALUE(i) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND 1 PRECEDING) AS\nl_2p1p,\n FIRST_VALUE(i) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND 2 FOLLOWING) AS\nf_1f2f,\n LAST_VALUE(i) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND 2 FOLLOWING) AS\nl_1f2f\nFROM t1;\n\n+------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+\n| i    | f_1f | l_1f | f_1p1f | l_1p1f | f_2p1p | l_2p1p | f_1f2f | l_1f2f |\n+------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+\n|    1 |    1 |    2 |      1 |      2 |   NULL |   NULL |      2 |      3 |\n|    2 |    2 |    3 |      1 |      3 |      1 |      1 |      3 |      4 |\n|    3 |    3 |    4 |      2 |      4 |      1 |      2 |      4 |      5 |\n|    4 |    4 |    5 |      3 |      5 |      2 |      3 |      5 |      6 |\n|    5 |    5 |    6 |      4 |      6 |      3 |      4 |      6 |      7 |\n|    6 |    6 |    7 |      5 |      7 |      4 |      5 |      7 |      8 |\n|    7 |    7 |    8 |      6 |      8 |      5 |      6 |      8 |      9 |\n|    8 |    8 |    9 |      7 |      9 |      6 |      7 |      9 |     10 |\n|    9 |    9 |   10 |      8 |     10 |      7 |      8 |     10 |     10 |\n|   10 |   10 |   10 |      9 |     10 |      8 |      9 |   NULL |   NULL |\n+------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/first_value/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/first_value/'),
(788,'Median Window Function',41,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.3\n----------------------------\nThe MEDIAN() window function was first introduced with in MariaDB 10.3.3.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nMEDIAN(median expression) OVER (\n [ PARTITION BY partition_expression ]\n)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nMEDIAN() is a window function that returns the median value of a range of\nvalues.\n\nIt is a specific case of PERCENTILE_CONT, with an argument of 0.5 and the\nORDER BY column the one in MEDIAN\'s argument.\n\nMEDIAN(<median-arg>) OVER ( [ PARTITION BY partition_expression] )\n\nIs equivalent to:\n\nPERCENTILE_CONT(0.5) WITHIN \n GROUP (ORDER BY <median-arg>) OVER ( [ PARTITION BY partition_expression ])\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE book_rating (name CHAR(30), star_rating TINYINT);\n\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lord of the Ladybirds\', 5);\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lord of the Ladybirds\', 3);\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lady of the Flies\', 1);\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lady of the Flies\', 2);\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lady of the Flies\', 5);\n\nSELECT name, median(star_rating) OVER (PARTITION BY name) FROM book_rating;\n+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------+\n| name                  | median(star_rating) OVER (PARTITION BY name) |\n+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------+\n| Lord of the Ladybirds |                                 4.0000000000 |\n| Lord of the Ladybirds |                                 4.0000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |                                 2.0000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |                                 2.0000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |                                 2.0000000000 |\n+-----------------------+----------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/median/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/median/'),
(790,'NTILE',41,'Syntax\n------\n\nNTILE (expr) OVER ( \n [ PARTITION BY partition_expression ]\n [ ORDER BY order_list ]\n)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nNTILE() is a window function that returns an integer indicating which group a\ngiven row falls into. The number of groups is specified in the argument\n(expr), starting at one. Ordered rows in the partition are divided into the\nspecified number of groups with as equal a size as possible.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\ncreate table t1 (\n  pk int primary key,\n  a int,\n  b int\n );\n\ninsert into t1 values\n  (11 , 0, 10),\n  (12 , 0, 10),\n  (13 , 1, 10),\n  (14 , 1, 10),\n  (18 , 2, 10),\n  (15 , 2, 20),\n  (16 , 2, 20),\n  (17 , 2, 20),\n  (19 , 4, 20),\n  (20 , 4, 20);\n\nselect pk, a, b,\n  ntile(1) over (order by pk)\n from t1;\n+----+------+------+-----------------------------+\n| pk | a    | b    | ntile(1) over (order by pk) |\n+----+------+------+-----------------------------+\n| 11 |    0 |   10 |                           1 |\n| 12 |    0 |   10 |                           1 |\n| 13 |    1 |   10 |                           1 |\n| 14 |    1 |   10 |                           1 |\n| 15 |    2 |   20 |                           1 |\n| 16 |    2 |   20 |                           1 |\n| 17 |    2 |   20 |                           1 |\n| 18 |    2 |   10 |                           1 |\n| 19 |    4 |   20 |                           1 |\n| 20 |    4 |   20 |                           1 |\n+----+------+------+-----------------------------+\n\nselect pk, a, b,\n  ntile(4) over (order by pk)\n from t1;\n+----+------+------+-----------------------------+\n| pk | a    | b    | ntile(4) over (order by pk) |\n+----+------+------+-----------------------------+\n| 11 |    0 |   10 |                           1 |\n| 12 |    0 |   10 |                           1 |\n| 13 |    1 |   10 |                           1 |\n| 14 |    1 |   10 |                           2 |\n| 15 |    2 |   20 |                           2 |\n| 16 |    2 |   20 |                           2 |\n| 17 |    2 |   20 |                           3 |\n| 18 |    2 |   10 |                           3 |\n| 19 |    4 |   20 |                           4 |\n| 20 |    4 |   20 |                           4 |\n+----+------+------+-----------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/ntile/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/ntile/'),
(791,'PERCENT_RANK',41,'Syntax\n------\n\nPERCENT_RANK() OVER (\n [ PARTITION BY partition_expression ]\n [ ORDER BY order_list ]\n)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nPERCENT_RANK() is a window function that returns the relative percent rank of\na given row. The following formula is used to calculate the percent rank:\n\n(rank - 1) / (number of rows in the window or partition - 1)\n\nExamples\n--------\n\ncreate table t1 (\n pk int primary key,\n a int,\n b int\n);\n\ninsert into t1 values\n( 1 , 0, 10),\n( 2 , 0, 10),\n( 3 , 1, 10),\n( 4 , 1, 10),\n( 8 , 2, 10),\n( 5 , 2, 20),\n( 6 , 2, 20),\n( 7 , 2, 20),\n( 9 , 4, 20),\n(10 , 4, 20);\n\nselect pk, a, b,\n  rank() over (order by a) as rank,\n  percent_rank() over (order by a) as pct_rank,\n  cume_dist() over (order by a) as cume_dist\nfrom t1;\n+----+------+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n| pk | a    | b    | rank | pct_rank     | cume_dist    |\n+----+------+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n|  1 |    0 |   10 |    1 | 0.0000000000 | 0.2000000000 |\n|  2 |    0 |   10 |    1 | 0.0000000000 | 0.2000000000 |\n|  3 |    1 |   10 |    3 | 0.2222222222 | 0.4000000000 |\n|  4 |    1 |   10 |    3 | 0.2222222222 | 0.4000000000 |\n|  5 |    2 |   20 |    5 | 0.4444444444 | 0.8000000000 |\n|  6 |    2 |   20 |    5 | 0.4444444444 | 0.8000000000 |\n|  7 |    2 |   20 |    5 | 0.4444444444 | 0.8000000000 |\n|  8 |    2 |   10 |    5 | 0.4444444444 | 0.8000000000 |\n|  9 |    4 |   20 |    9 | 0.8888888889 | 1.0000000000 |\n| 10 |    4 |   20 |    9 | 0.8888888889 | 1.0000000000 |\n+----+------+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n\nselect pk, a, b,\n   percent_rank() over (order by pk) as pct_rank,\n   cume_dist() over (order by pk) as cume_dist\nfrom t1 order by pk;\n+----+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n| pk | a    | b    | pct_rank     | cume_dist    |\n+----+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n|  1 |    0 |   10 | 0.0000000000 | 0.1000000000 |\n|  2 |    0 |   10 | 0.1111111111 | 0.2000000000 |\n|  3 |    1 |   10 | 0.2222222222 | 0.3000000000 |\n|  4 |    1 |   10 | 0.3333333333 | 0.4000000000 |\n|  5 |    2 |   20 | 0.4444444444 | 0.5000000000 |\n|  6 |    2 |   20 | 0.5555555556 | 0.6000000000 |\n|  7 |    2 |   20 | 0.6666666667 | 0.7000000000 |\n|  8 |    2 |   10 | 0.7777777778 | 0.8000000000 |\n|  9 |    4 |   20 | 0.8888888889 | 0.9000000000 |\n| 10 |    4 |   20 | 1.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n+----+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n\nselect pk, a, b,\n    percent_rank() over (partition by a order by a) as pct_rank,\n    cume_dist() over (partition by a order by a) as cume_dist\nfrom t1;\n+----+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n| pk | a    | b    | pct_rank     | cume_dist    |\n+----+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n|  1 |    0 |   10 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  2 |    0 |   10 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  3 |    1 |   10 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  4 |    1 |   10 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  5 |    2 |   20 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  6 |    2 |   20 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  7 |    2 |   20 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  8 |    2 |   10 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n|  9 |    4 |   20 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n| 10 |    4 |   20 | 0.0000000000 | 1.0000000000 |\n+----+------+------+--------------+--------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/percent_rank/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/percent_rank/'),
(792,'PERCENTILE_CONT',41,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.3\n----------------------------\nThe PERCENTILE_CONT() window function was first introduced with in MariaDB\n10.3.3.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nPERCENTILE_CONT() (standing for continuous percentile) is a window function\nwhich returns a value which corresponds to the given fraction in the sort\norder. If required, it will interpolate between adjacent input items.\n\nEssentially, the following process is followed to find the value to return:\n\n* Get the number of rows in the partition, denoted by N\n* RN = p*(N-1), where p denotes the argument to the PERCENTILE_CONT function\n* calculate the FRN(floor row number) and CRN(column row number for the group(\nFRN= floor(RN) and CRN = ceil(RN))\n* look up rows FRN and CRN\n* If (CRN = FRN = RN) then the result is (value of expression from row at RN)\n* Otherwise the result is\n* (CRN - RN) * (value of expression for row at FRN) +\n* (RN - FRN) * (value of expression for row at CRN)\n\nThe MEDIAN function is a specific case of PERCENTILE_CONT, equivalent to\nPERCENTILE_CONT(0.5).\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE book_rating (name CHAR(30), star_rating TINYINT);\n\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lord of the Ladybirds\', 5);\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lord of the Ladybirds\', 3);\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lady of the Flies\', 1);\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lady of the Flies\', 2);\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lady of the Flies\', 5);\n\nSELECT name, PERCENTILE_CONT(0.5) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY star_rating) \n OVER (PARTITION BY name) AS pc\n FROM book_rating;\n+-----------------------+--------------+\n| name                  | pc           |\n+-----------------------+--------------+\n| Lord of the Ladybirds | 4.0000000000 |\n| Lord of the Ladybirds | 4.0000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     | 2.0000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     | 2.0000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     | 2.0000000000 |\n+-----------------------+--------------+\n\nSELECT name, PERCENTILE_CONT(1) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY star_rating) \n OVER (PARTITION BY name) AS pc\n FROM book_rating;\n+-----------------------+--------------+\n| name                  | pc           |\n+-----------------------+--------------+\n| Lord of the Ladybirds | 5.0000000000 |\n| Lord of the Ladybirds | 5.0000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     | 5.0000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     | 5.0000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     | 5.0000000000 |\n+-----------------------+--------------+\n\nSELECT name, PERCENTILE_CONT(0) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY star_rating) \n OVER (PARTITION BY name) AS pc\n FROM book_rating;\n+-----------------------+--------------+\n| name                  | pc           |\n+-----------------------+--------------+\n| Lord of the Ladybirds | 3.0000000000 |\n| Lord of the Ladybirds | 3.0000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     | 1.0000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     | 1.0000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     | 1.0000000000 |\n+-----------------------+--------------+\n\nSELECT name, PERCENTILE_CONT(0.6) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY star_rating) \n OVER (PARTITION BY name) AS pc\n FROM book_rating;\n+-----------------------+--------------+\n| name                  | pc           |\n+-----------------------+--------------+\n| Lord of the Ladybirds | 4.2000000000 |\n| Lord of the Ladybirds | 4.2000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     | 2.6000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     | 2.6000000000 |\n| Lady of the Flies     | 2.6000000000 |\n+-----------------------+--------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/percentile_cont/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/percentile_cont/'),
(793,'PERCENTILE_DISC',41,'MariaDB starting with 10.3.3\n----------------------------\nThe PERCENTILE_DISC() window function was first introduced with in MariaDB\n10.3.3.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nPERCENTILE_DISC() (standing for discrete percentile) is a window function\nwhich returns the first value in the set whose ordered position is the same or\nmore than the specified fraction.\n\nEssentially, the following process is followed to find the value to return:\n\n* Get the number of rows in the partition.\n* Walk through the partition, in order, until finding the the first row with\nCUME_DIST() >= function_argument.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nCREATE TABLE book_rating (name CHAR(30), star_rating TINYINT);\n\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lord of the Ladybirds\', 5);\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lord of the Ladybirds\', 3);\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lady of the Flies\', 1);\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lady of the Flies\', 2);\nINSERT INTO book_rating VALUES (\'Lady of the Flies\', 5);\n\nSELECT name, PERCENTILE_DISC(0.5) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY star_rating)\n OVER (PARTITION BY name) AS pc FROM book_rating;\n+-----------------------+------+\n| name                  | pc   |\n+-----------------------+------+\n| Lord of the Ladybirds |    3 |\n| Lord of the Ladybirds |    3 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |    2 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |    2 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |    2 |\n+-----------------------+------+\n5 rows in set (0.000 sec)\n\nSELECT name, PERCENTILE_DISC(0) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY star_rating) \n OVER (PARTITION BY name) AS pc FROM book_rating;\n+-----------------------+------+\n| name                  | pc   |\n+-----------------------+------+\n| Lord of the Ladybirds |    3 |\n| Lord of the Ladybirds |    3 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |    1 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |    1 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |    1 |\n+-----------------------+------+\n5 rows in set (0.000 sec)\n\nSELECT name, PERCENTILE_DISC(1) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY star_rating) \n OVER (PARTITION BY name) AS pc FROM book_rating;\n+-----------------------+------+\n| name                  | pc   |\n+-----------------------+------+\n| Lord of the Ladybirds |    5 |\n| Lord of the Ladybirds |    5 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |    5 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |    5 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |    5 |\n+-----------------------+------+\n5 rows in set (0.000 sec)\n\nSELECT name, PERCENTILE_DISC(0.6) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY star_rating) \n OVER (PARTITION BY name) AS pc FROM book_rating;\n+-----------------------+------+\n| name                  | pc   |\n+-----------------------+------+\n| Lord of the Ladybirds |    5 |\n| Lord of the Ladybirds |    5 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |    2 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |    2 |\n| Lady of the Flies     |    2 |\n+-----------------------+------\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/percentile_disc/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/percentile_disc/'),
(794,'RANK',41,'Syntax\n------\n\nRANK() OVER (\n [ PARTITION BY partition_expression ]\n [ ORDER BY order_list ]\n)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nRANK() is a window function that displays the number of a given row, starting\nat one and following the ORDER BY sequence of the window function, with\nidentical values receiving the same result. It is similar to the ROW_NUMBER()\nfunction except that in that function, identical values will receive a\ndifferent row number for each result.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nThe distinction between DENSE_RANK(), RANK() and ROW_NUMBER():\n\nCREATE TABLE student(course VARCHAR(10), mark int, name varchar(10));\n\nINSERT INTO student VALUES \n (\'Maths\', 60, \'Thulile\'),\n (\'Maths\', 60, \'Pritha\'),\n (\'Maths\', 70, \'Voitto\'),\n (\'Maths\', 55, \'Chun\'),\n (\'Biology\', 60, \'Bilal\'),\n (\'Biology\', 70, \'Roger\');\n\nSELECT \n RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY course ORDER BY mark DESC) AS rank,\n DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY course ORDER BY mark DESC) AS dense_rank,\n ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY course ORDER BY mark DESC) AS row_num,\n course, mark, name\nFROM student ORDER BY course, mark DESC;\n+------+------------+---------+---------+------+---------+\n| rank | dense_rank | row_num | course  | mark | name    |\n+------+------------+---------+---------+------+---------+\n|    1 |          1 |       1 | Biology |   70 | Roger   |\n|    2 |          2 |       2 | Biology |   60 | Bilal   |\n|    1 |          1 |       1 | Maths   |   70 | Voitto  |\n|    2 |          2 |       2 | Maths   |   60 | Thulile |\n|    2 |          2 |       3 | Maths   |   60 | Pritha  |\n|    4 |          3 |       4 | Maths   |   55 | Chun    |\n+------+------------+---------+---------+------+---------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/rank/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/rank/'),
(795,'ROW_NUMBER',41,'Syntax\n------\n\nROW_NUMBER() OVER (\n [ PARTITION BY partition_expression ]\n [ ORDER BY order_list ]\n)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nROW_NUMBER() is a window function that displays the number of a given row,\nstarting at one and following the ORDER BY sequence of the window function,\nwith identical values receiving different row numbers. It is similar to the\nRANK() and DENSE_RANK() functions except that in that function, identical\nvalues will receive the same rank for each result.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nThe distinction between DENSE_RANK(), RANK() and ROW_NUMBER():\n\nCREATE TABLE student(course VARCHAR(10), mark int, name varchar(10));\n\nINSERT INTO student VALUES \n (\'Maths\', 60, \'Thulile\'),\n (\'Maths\', 60, \'Pritha\'),\n (\'Maths\', 70, \'Voitto\'),\n (\'Maths\', 55, \'Chun\'),\n (\'Biology\', 60, \'Bilal\'),\n (\'Biology\', 70, \'Roger\');\n\nSELECT \n RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY course ORDER BY mark DESC) AS rank,\n DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY course ORDER BY mark DESC) AS dense_rank,\n ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY course ORDER BY mark DESC) AS row_num,\n course, mark, name\nFROM student ORDER BY course, mark DESC;\n+------+------------+---------+---------+------+---------+\n| rank | dense_rank | row_num | course  | mark | name    |\n+------+------------+---------+---------+------+---------+\n|    1 |          1 |       1 | Biology |   70 | Roger   |\n|    2 |          2 |       2 | Biology |   60 | Bilal   |\n|    1 |          1 |       1 | Maths   |   70 | Voitto  |\n|    2 |          2 |       2 | Maths   |   60 | Thulile |\n|    2 |          2 |       3 | Maths   |   60 | Pritha  |\n|    4 |          3 |       4 | Maths   |   55 | Chun    |\n+------+------------+---------+---------+------+---------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/row_number/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/row_number/'),
(799,'SPIDER_BG_DIRECT_SQL',42,'Syntax\n------\n\nSPIDER_BG_DIRECT_SQL(\'sql\', \'tmp_table_list\', \'parameters\')\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nExecutes the given SQL statement in the background on the remote server, as\ndefined in the parameters listing. If the query returns a result-set, it\nsttores the results in the given temporary table. When the given SQL statement\nexecutes successfully, this function returns the number of called UDF\'s. It\nreturns 0 when the given SQL statement fails.\n\nThis function is a UDF installed with the Spider storage engine.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT SPIDER_BG_DIRECT_SQL(\'SELECT * FROM example_table\',  \'\', \n \'srv \"node1\", port \"8607\"\') AS \"Direct Query\";\n+--------------+\n| Direct Query | \n+--------------+\n|            1 |\n+--------------+\n\nParameters\n----------\n\nerror_rw_mode\n-------------\n\n* Description: Returns empty results on network error.\n0 : Return error on getting network error.\n1: Return 0 records on getting network error.\n\n* Default Table Value: 0\n* DSN Parameter Name: erwm\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/spider_bg_direct_sql/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/spider_bg_direct_sql/'),
(800,'SPIDER_COPY_TABLES',42,'Syntax\n------\n\nSPIDER_COPY_TABLES(spider_table_name, \n source_link_id, destination_link_id_list [,parameters])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nA UDF installed with the Spider Storage Engine, this function copies table\ndata from source_link_id to destination_link_id_list. The service does not\nneed to be stopped in order to copy.\n\nIf the Spider table is partitioned, the name must be of the format\ntable_name#P#partition_name. The partition name can be viewed in the\nmysql.spider_tables table, for example:\n\nSELECT table_name FROM mysql.spider_tables;\n+-------------+\n| table_name  |\n+-------------+\n| spt_a#P#pt1 |\n| spt_a#P#pt2 |\n| spt_a#P#pt3 |\n+-------------+\n\nReturns 1 if the data was copied successfully, or 0 if copying the data failed.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/spider_copy_tables/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/spider_copy_tables/'),
(798,'Window Frames',41,'Syntax\n------\n\nframe_clause:\n {ROWS | RANGE} {frame_border | BETWEEN frame_border AND frame_border}\n\nframe_border:\n | UNBOUNDED PRECEDING\n | UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING\n | CURRENT ROW\n | expr PRECEDING\n | expr FOLLOWING\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nA basic overview of window functions is described in Window Functions\nOverview. Window frames expand this functionality by allowing the function to\ninclude a specified a number of rows around the current row.\n\nThese include:\n\n* All rows before the current row (UNBOUNDED PRECEDING), for example RANGE\nBETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW\n* All rows after the current row (UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING), for example RANGE\nBETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING\n* A set number of rows before the current row (expr PRECEDING) for example\nRANGE BETWEEN 6 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW\n* A set number of rows after the current row (expr PRECEDING AND expr\nFOLLOWING)  for example RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND 2 FOLLOWING\n* A specified number of rows both before and after the current row, for\nexample RANGE BETWEEN 6 PRECEDING AND 3 FOLLOWING\n\nThe following functions operate on window frames:\n\n* AVG\n* BIT_AND\n* BIT_OR\n* BIT_XOR\n* COUNT\n* LEAD\n* MAX\n* MIN\n* NTILE\n* STD\n* STDDEV\n* STDDEV_POP\n* STDDEV_SAMP\n* SUM\n* VAR_POP\n* VAR_SAMP\n* VARIANCE\n\nWindow frames are determined by the frame_clause in the window function\nrequest.\n\nTake the following example:\n\nCREATE TABLE `student_test` (\n name char(10),\n test char(10),\n score tinyint(4)\n);\n\nINSERT INTO student_test VALUES \n  (\'Chun\', \'SQL\', 75), (\'Chun\', \'Tuning\', 73),\n  (\'Esben\', \'SQL\', 43), (\'Esben\', \'Tuning\', 31),\n  (\'Kaolin\', \'SQL\', 56), (\'Kaolin\', \'Tuning\', 88),\n  (\'Tatiana\', \'SQL\', 87);\n\nSELECT name, test, score, SUM(score) \n OVER () AS total_score\n FROM student_test;\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n| name    | test   | score | total_score |\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n| Chun    | SQL    |    75 |         453 |\n| Chun    | Tuning |    73 |         453 |\n| Esben   | SQL    |    43 |         453 |\n| Esben   | Tuning |    31 |         453 |\n| Kaolin  | SQL    |    56 |         453 |\n| Kaolin  | Tuning |    88 |         453 |\n| Tatiana | SQL    |    87 |         453 |\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n\nBy not specifying an OVER clause, the SUM function is run over the entire\ndataset. However, if we specify an ORDER BY condition based on score (and\norder the entire result in the same way for clarity), the following result is\nreturned:\n\nSELECT name, test, score, SUM(score) \n OVER (ORDER BY score) AS total_score\n FROM student_test ORDER BY score;\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n| name    | test   | score | total_score |\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n| Esben   | Tuning |    31 |          31 |\n| Esben   | SQL    |    43 |          74 |\n| Kaolin  | SQL    |    56 |         130 |\n| Chun    | Tuning |    73 |         203 |\n| Chun    | SQL    |    75 |         278 |\n| Tatiana | SQL    |    87 |         365 |\n| Kaolin  | Tuning |    88 |         453 |\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n\nThe total_score column represents a running total of the current row, and all\nprevious rows. The window frame in this example expands as the function\nproceeds.\n\nThe above query makes use of the default to define the window frame. It could\nbe written explicitly as follows:\n\nSELECT name, test, score, SUM(score) \n OVER (ORDER BY score RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS\ntotal_score \n FROM student_test ORDER BY score;\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n| name    | test   | score | total_score |\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n| Esben   | Tuning |    31 |          31 |\n| Esben   | SQL    |    43 |          74 |\n| Kaolin  | SQL    |    56 |         130 |\n| Chun    | Tuning |    73 |         203 |\n| Chun    | SQL    |    75 |         278 |\n| Tatiana | SQL    |    87 |         365 |\n| Kaolin  | Tuning |    88 |         453 |\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n\nLet\'s look at some alternatives:\n\nFirstly, applying the window function to the current row and all following\nrows can be done with the use of UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING:\n\nSELECT name, test, score, SUM(score) \n OVER (ORDER BY score RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) AS\ntotal_score \n FROM student_test ORDER BY score;\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n| name    | test   | score | total_score |\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n| Esben   | Tuning |    31 |         453 |\n| Esben   | SQL    |    43 |         422 |\n| Kaolin  | SQL    |    56 |         379 |\n| Chun    | Tuning |    73 |         323 |\n| Chun    | SQL    |    75 |         250 |\n| Tatiana | SQL    |    87 |         175 |\n| Kaolin  | Tuning |    88 |          88 |\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n\nIt\'s possible to specify a number of rows, rather than the entire unbounded\nfollowing or preceding set. The following example takes the current row, as\nwell as the previous row:\n\nSELECT name, test, score, SUM(score) \n OVER (ORDER BY score ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS\ntotal_score \n FROM student_test ORDER BY score;\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n| name    | test   | score | total_score |\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n| Esben   | Tuning |    31 |          31 |\n| Esben   | SQL    |    43 |          74 |\n| Kaolin  | SQL    |    56 |          99 |\n| Chun    | Tuning |    73 |         129 |\n| Chun    | SQL    |    75 |         148 |\n| Tatiana | SQL    |    87 |         162 |\n| Kaolin  | Tuning |    88 |         175 |\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n\nThe current row and the following row:\n\nSELECT name, test, score, SUM(score) \n OVER (ORDER BY score ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS\ntotal_score \n FROM student_test ORDER BY score;\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n| name    | test   | score | total_score |\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n| Esben   | Tuning |    31 |          74 |\n| Esben   | SQL    |    43 |         130 |\n| Kaolin  | SQL    |    56 |         172 |\n| Chun    | Tuning |    73 |         204 |\n| Chun    | SQL    |    75 |         235 |\n| Tatiana | SQL    |    87 |         250 |\n| Kaolin  | Tuning |    88 |         175 |\n+---------+--------+-------+-------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/window-frames/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/window-frames/'),
(801,'SPIDER_DIRECT_SQL',42,'Syntax\n------\n\nSPIDER_DIRECT_SQL(\'sql\', \'tmp_table_list\', \'parameters\')\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nA UDF installed with the Spider Storage Engine, this function is used to\nexecute the SQL string sql on the remote server, as defined in parameters. If\nany resultsets are returned, they are stored in the tmp_table_list.\n\nThe function returns 1 if the SQL executes successfully, or 0 if it fails.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT SPIDER_DIRECT_SQL(\'SELECT * FROM s\', \'\', \'srv \"node1\", port \"8607\"\');\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| SPIDER_DIRECT_SQL(\'SELECT * FROM s\', \'\', \'srv \"node1\", port \"8607\"\') |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n|                                                                    1 |\n+----------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/spider_direct_sql/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/spider_direct_sql/'),
(803,'COLUMN_ADD',43,'Syntax\n------\n\nCOLUMN_ADD(dyncol_blob, column_nr, value [as type], [column_nr, value [as\ntype]]...);\nCOLUMN_ADD(dyncol_blob, column_name, value [as type], [column_name, value [as\ntype]]...);\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nAdds or updates dynamic columns.\n\n* dyncol_blob must be either a valid dynamic columns blob (for example,\nCOLUMN_CREATE returns such blob), or an empty string.\n* column_name specifies the name of the column to be added. If dyncol_blob\nalready has a column with this name, it will be overwritten.\n* value specifies the new value for the column.  Passing a NULL value will\ncause the column to be deleted.\n* as type is optional. See #datatypes section for a discussion about types.\n\nThe return value is a dynamic column blob after the modifications.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nUPDATE t1 SET dyncol_blob=COLUMN_ADD(dyncol_blob, \"column_name\", \"value\")\nWHERE id=1;\n\nNote: COLUMN_ADD() is a regular function (just like CONCAT()), hence, in order\nto update the value in the table you have to use the UPDATE ... SET\ndynamic_col=COLUMN_ADD(dynamic_col, ....) pattern.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/column_add/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/column_add/'),
(805,'COLUMN_CREATE',43,'Syntax\n------\n\nCOLUMN_CREATE(column_nr, value [as type], [column_nr, value [as type]]...);\nCOLUMN_CREATE(column_name, value [as type], [column_name, value [as type]]...);\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a dynamic columns blob that stores the specified columns with values.\n\nThe return value is suitable for\n\n* storing in a table\n* further modification with other dynamic columns functions\n\nThe as type part allows one to specify the value type. In most cases, this is\nredundant because MariaDB will be able to deduce the type of the value.\nExplicit type specification may be needed when the type of the value is not\napparent. For example, a literal \'2012-12-01\' has a CHAR type by default, one\nwill need to specify \'2012-12-01\' AS DATE to have it stored as a date. See\nDynamic Columns:Datatypes for further details.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nINSERT INTO tbl SET dyncol_blob=COLUMN_CREATE(\"column_name\", \"value\");\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/column_create/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/column_create/'),
(808,'COLUMN_GET',43,'Syntax\n------\n\nCOLUMN_GET(dyncol_blob, column_nr as type);\nCOLUMN_GET(dyncol_blob, column_name as type);\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nGets the value of a dynamic column by its name. If no column with the given\nname exists, NULL will be returned.\n\ncolumn_name as type requires that one specify the datatype of the dynamic\ncolumn they are reading.\n\nThis may seem counter-intuitive: why would one need to specify which datatype\nthey\'re retrieving? Can\'t the dynamic columns system figure the datatype from\nthe data being stored?\n\nThe answer is: SQL is a statically-typed language. The SQL interpreter needs\nto know the datatypes of all expressions before the query is run (for example,\nwhen one is using prepared statements and runs \"select COLUMN_GET(...)\", the\nprepared statement API requires the server to inform the client about the\ndatatype of the column being read before the query is executed and the server\ncan see what datatype the column actually has).\n\nLengths\n-------\n\nIf you\'re running queries like:\n\nSELECT COLUMN_GET(blob, \'colname\' as CHAR) ...\n\nwithout specifying a maximum length (i.e. using as CHAR, not as CHAR(n)),\nMariaDB will report the maximum length of the resultset column to be\n16,777,216. This may cause excessive memory usage in some client libraries,\nbecause they try to pre-allocate a buffer of maximum resultset width. To avoid\nthis problem, use CHAR(n) whenever you\'re using COLUMN_GET in the select list.\n\nSee Dynamic Columns:Datatypes for more information about datatypes.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/column_get/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/column_get/'),
(809,'COLUMN_JSON',43,'Syntax\n------\n\nCOLUMN_JSON(dyncol_blob)\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nReturns a JSON representation of data in dyncol_blob. Can also be used to\ndisplay nested columns. See dynamic columns for more information.\n\nExample\n-------\n\nselect item_name, COLUMN_JSON(dynamic_cols) from assets;\n+-----------------+----------------------------------------+\n| item_name       | COLUMN_JSON(dynamic_cols)              |\n+-----------------+----------------------------------------+\n| MariaDB T-shirt | {\"size\":\"XL\",\"color\":\"blue\"}           |\n| Thinkpad Laptop | {\"color\":\"black\",\"warranty\":\"3 years\"} |\n+-----------------+----------------------------------------+\n\nLimitation: COLUMN_JSON will decode nested dynamic columns at a nesting level\nof not more than 10 levels deep. Dynamic columns that are nested deeper than\n10 levels will be shown as BINARY string, without encoding.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/column_json/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/column_json/'),
(813,'WSREP_SYNC_WAIT_UPTO_GTID',44,'MariaDB starting with 10.4.2\n----------------------------\nWSREP_SYNC_WAIT_UPTO_GTID was added as part of Galera 4 in MariaDB 10.4.2.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nWSREP_SYNC_WAIT_UPTO_GTID(gtid[,timeout])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nBlocks the client until the transaction specified by the given Global\nTransaction ID is applied and committed by the node.\n\nThe optional timeout argument can be used to specify a block timeout in\nseconds. If not provided, the timeout will be indefinite.\n\nReturns the node that applied and committed the Global Transaction ID,\nER_LOCAL_WAIT_TIMEOUT if the function is timed out before this, or\nER_WRONG_ARGUMENTS if the function is given an invalid GTID.\n\nThe result from WSREP_LAST_SEEN_GTID can be useful to determine the\ntransaction to provide to WSREP_SYNC_WAIT_UPTO_GTID for waiting and unblocking\npurposes.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/wsrep_sync_wait_upto_gtid/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/wsrep_sync_wait_upto_gtid/'),
(816,'Bitemporal Tables',45,'MariaDB starting with 10.4.3\n----------------------------\nBitemporal tables are tables that use versioning both at the system and\napplication-time period levels.\n\nUsing Bitemporal Tables\n-----------------------\n\nTo create a bitemporal table, use:\n\nCREATE TABLE test.t3 (\n date_1 DATE,\n date_2 DATE,\n row_start TIMESTAMP(6) AS ROW START INVISIBLE,\n row_end TIMESTAMP(6) AS ROW END INVISIBLE,\n PERIOD FOR application_time(date_1, date_2),\n PERIOD FOR system_time(row_start, row_end))\nWITH SYSTEM VERSIONING;\n\nNote that, while system_time here is also a time period, it cannot be used in\nDELETE FOR PORTION or UPDATE FOR PORTION statements.\n\nDELETE FROM test.t3 \nFOR PORTION OF system_time \n  FROM \'2000-01-01\' TO \'2018-01-01\';\nERROR 42000: You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that\ncorresponds \n to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near\n \'of system_time from \'2000-01-01\' to \'2018-01-01\'\' at line 1\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/bitemporal-tables/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/bitemporal-tables/'),
(818,'ST_GeomFromGeoJSON',46,'MariaDB starting with 10.2.4\n----------------------------\nST_GeomFromGeoJSON was added in MariaDB 10.2.4\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nST_GeomFromGeoJSON(g[, option])\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nGiven a GeoJSON input g, returns a geometry object. The option specifies what\nto do if g contains geometries with coordinate dimensions higher than 2.\n\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| Option                    | Description                                    |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| 1                         | Return an error (the default)                  |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n| 2 - 4                     | The document is accepted, but the coordinates  |\n|                           | for higher coordinate dimensions are stripped  |\n|                           | off.                                           |\n+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+\n\nNote that this function did not work correctly before MariaDB 10.2.8 - see\nMDEV-12180.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSET @j = \'{ \"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [5.3, 15.0]}\';\n\nSELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoJSON(@j));\n+-----------------------------------+\n| ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoJSON(@j)) |\n+-----------------------------------+\n| POINT(5.3 15)                     |\n+-----------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_geomfromgeojson/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/st_geomfromgeojson/'),
(819,'Operator Precedence',47,'The precedence is the order in which the SQL operators are evaluated.\n\nThe following list shows the SQL operator precedence. Operators that appear\nfirst in the list have a higher precedence. Operators which are listed\ntogether have the same precedence.\n\n* INTERVAL\n* BINARY, COLLATE\n* !\n* - (unary minus), [[bitwise-not|]] (unary bit inversion)\n* || (string concatenation)\n* ^\n* *, /, DIV, %, MOD\n* -, +\n* <<, >>\n* &\n* |\n* = (comparison), <=>, >=, >, <=, <, <>, !=, IS, LIKE, REGEXP, IN\n* BETWEEN, CASE, WHEN, THEN, ELSE, END\n* NOT\n* &&, AND\n* XOR\n* || (logical or), OR\n* = (assignment), :=\n\nFunctions precedence is always higher than operators precedence.\n\nIn this page CASE refers to the CASE operator, not to the CASE statement.\n\nIf the HIGH_NOT_PRECEDENCE SQL_MODE is set, NOT has the same precedence as !.\n\nThe || operator\'s precedence, as well as its meaning, depends on the\nPIPES_AS_CONCAT SQL_MODE flag: if it is on, || can be used to concatenate\nstrings (like the CONCAT() function) and has a higher precedence.\n\nThe = operator\'s precedence depends on the context - it is higher when = is\nused as a comparison operator.\n\nParenthesis can be used to modify the operators precedence in an expression.\n\nShort-circuit evaluation\n------------------------\n\nThe AND, OR, && and || operators support short-circuit evaluation. This means\nthat, in some cases, the expression on the right of those operators is not\nevaluated, because its result cannot affect the result. In the following\ncases, short-circuit evaluation is used and x() is not evaluated:\n\n* FALSE AND x()\n* FALSE && x()\n* TRUE OR x()\n* TRUE || x()\n* NULL BETWEEN x() AND x()\n\nNote however that the short-circuit evaluation does not apply to NULL AND x().\nAlso, BETWEEN\'s right operands are not evaluated if the left operand is NULL,\nbut in all other cases all the operands are evaluated.\n\nThis is a speed optimization. Also, since functions can have side-effects,\nthis behavior can be used to choose whether execute them or not using a\nconcise syntax:\n\nSELECT some_function() OR log_error();\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/operator-precedence/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/operator-precedence/'),
(821,'Division Operator (/)',48,'Syntax\n------\n\n/\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nDivision operator. Dividing by zero will return NULL. By default, returns four\ndigits after the decimal. This is determined by the server system variable\ndiv_precision_increment which by default is four. It can be set from 0 to 30.\n\nDividing by zero returns NULL. If the ERROR_ON_DIVISION_BY_ZERO SQL_MODE is\nused (the default since MariaDB 10.2.4), a division by zero also produces a\nwarning.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT 4/5;\n+--------+\n| 4/5    |\n+--------+\n| 0.8000 |\n+--------+\n\nSELECT 300/(2-2);\n+-----------+\n| 300/(2-2) |\n+-----------+\n|      NULL |\n+-----------+\n\nSELECT 300/7;\n+---------+\n| 300/7   |\n+---------+\n| 42.8571 |\n+---------+\n\nChanging div_precision_increment for the session from the default of four to\nsix:\n\nSET div_precision_increment = 6;\n\nSELECT 300/7;\n+-----------+\n| 300/7     |\n+-----------+\n| 42.857143 |\n+-----------+\n\nSELECT 300/7;\n+-----------+\n| 300/7     |\n+-----------+\n| 42.857143 |\n+-----------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/division-operator/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/division-operator/'),
(823,'Multiplication Operator (*)',48,'Syntax\n------\n\n*\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nMultiplication operator.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT 7*6;\n+-----+\n| 7*6 |\n+-----+\n|  42 |\n+-----+\n\nSELECT 1234567890*9876543210;\n+-----------------------+\n| 1234567890*9876543210 |\n+-----------------------+\n|  -6253480962446024716 |\n+-----------------------+\n\nSELECT 18014398509481984*18014398509481984.0;\n+---------------------------------------+\n| 18014398509481984*18014398509481984.0 |\n+---------------------------------------+\n|   324518553658426726783156020576256.0 |\n+---------------------------------------+\n\nSELECT 18014398509481984*18014398509481984;\n+-------------------------------------+\n| 18014398509481984*18014398509481984 |\n+-------------------------------------+\n|                                   0 |\n+-------------------------------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/multiplication-operator/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/multiplication-operator/'),
(824,'Subtraction Operator (-)',48,'Syntax\n------\n\n-\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSubtraction. The operator is also used as the unary minus for changing sign.\n\nIf both operands are integers, the result is calculated with BIGINT precision.\nIf either integer is unsigned, the result is also an unsigned integer, unless\nthe NO_UNSIGNED_SUBTRACTION SQL_MODE is enabled, in which case the result is\nalways signed.\n\nFor real or string operands, the operand with the highest precision determines\nthe result precision.\n\nExamples\n--------\n\nSELECT 96-9;\n+------+\n| 96-9 |\n+------+\n|   87 |\n+------+\n\nSELECT 15-17;\n+-------+\n| 15-17 |\n+-------+\n|    -2 |\n+-------+\n\nSELECT 3.66 + 1.333;\n+--------------+\n| 3.66 + 1.333 |\n+--------------+\n|        4.993 |\n+--------------+\n\nUnary minus:\n\nSELECT - (3+5);\n+---------+\n| - (3+5) |\n+---------+\n|      -8 |\n+---------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subtraction-operator-/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/subtraction-operator-/'),
(827,'STOP SLAVE',49,'The terms master and slave have historically been used in replication, but the\nterms terms primary and replica are now preferred. The old terms are used\nstill used in parts of the documentation, and in MariaDB commands, although\nMariaDB 10.5 has begun the process of renaming. The documentation process is\nongoing. See MDEV-18777 to follow progress on this effort.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nSTOP SLAVE [\"connection_name\"] [thread_type [, thread_type] ... ] [FOR CHANNEL\n\"connection_name\"]\n\nSTOP ALL SLAVES [thread_type [, thread_type]]\n\nSTOP REPLICA [\"connection_name\"] [thread_type [, thread_type] ... ] -- from\n10.5.1\n\nSTOP ALL REPLICAS [thread_type [, thread_type]] -- from 10.5.1\n\nthread_type: IO_THREAD | SQL_THREAD\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nStops the replica threads. STOP SLAVE requires the SUPER privilege, or, from\nMariaDB 10.5.2, the REPLICATION SLAVE ADMIN privilege.\n\nLike START SLAVE, this statement may be used with the IO_THREAD and SQL_THREAD\noptions to name the thread or threads to be stopped. In almost all cases, one\nnever need to use the thread_type options.\n\nSTOP SLAVE waits until any current replication event group affecting one or\nmore non-transactional tables has finished executing (if there is any such\nreplication group), or until the user issues a KILL QUERY or KILL CONNECTION\nstatement.\n\nNote that STOP SLAVE doesn\'t delete the connection permanently. Next time you\nexecute START SLAVE or the MariaDB server restarts, the replica connection is\nrestored with it\'s original arguments. If you want to delete a connection, you\nshould execute RESET SLAVE.\n\nSTOP ALL SLAVES\n---------------\n\nSTOP ALL SLAVES stops all your running replicas. It will give you a note for\nevery stopped connection. You can check the notes with SHOW WARNINGS.\n\nconnection_name\n---------------\n\nThe connection_name option is used for multi-source replication.\n\nIf there is only one nameless master, or the default master (as specified by\nthe default_master_connection system variable) is intended, connection_name\ncan be omitted. If provided, the STOP SLAVE statement will apply to the\nspecified master. connection_name is case-insensitive.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.7.0\n----------------------------\nThe FOR CHANNEL keyword was added for MySQL compatibility. This is identical\nas using the channel_name directly after STOP SLAVE.\n\nSTOP REPLICA\n------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.1\n----------------------------\nSTOP REPLICA is an alias for STOP SLAVE from MariaDB 10.5.1.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/stop-replica/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/stop-replica/'),
(826,'START SLAVE',49,'The terms master and slave have historically been used in replication, but the\nterms terms primary and replica are now preferred. The old terms are used\nstill used in parts of the documentation, and in MariaDB commands, although\nMariaDB 10.5 has begun the process of renaming. The documentation process is\nongoing. See MDEV-18777 to follow progress on this effort.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nSTART SLAVE [\"connection_name\"] [thread_type [, thread_type] ... ] [FOR\nCHANNEL \"connection_name\"]\nSTART SLAVE [\"connection_name\"] [SQL_THREAD] UNTIL                \n  MASTER_LOG_FILE = \'log_name\', MASTER_LOG_POS = log_pos [FOR CHANNEL\n\"connection_name\"]\nSTART SLAVE [\"connection_name\"] [SQL_THREAD] UNTIL\n  RELAY_LOG_FILE = \'log_name\', RELAY_LOG_POS = log_pos [FOR CHANNEL\n\"connection_name\"]\nSTART SLAVE [\"connection_name\"] [SQL_THREAD] UNTIL\n  MASTER_GTID_POS = <GTID position> [FOR CHANNEL \"connection_name\"]\nSTART ALL SLAVES [thread_type [, thread_type]]\n\nSTART REPLICA [\"connection_name\"] [thread_type [, thread_type] ... ] -- from\n10.5.1\nSTART REPLICA [\"connection_name\"] [SQL_THREAD] UNTIL                \n  MASTER_LOG_FILE = \'log_name\', MASTER_LOG_POS = log_pos -- from 10.5.1\nSTART REPLICA [\"connection_name\"] [SQL_THREAD] UNTIL\n  RELAY_LOG_FILE = \'log_name\', RELAY_LOG_POS = log_pos -- from 10.5.1\nSTART REPLICA [\"connection_name\"] [SQL_THREAD] UNTIL\n  MASTER_GTID_POS = <GTID position> -- from 10.5.1\nSTART ALL REPLICAS [thread_type [, thread_type]] -- from 10.5.1\n\nthread_type: IO_THREAD | SQL_THREAD\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nSTART SLAVE (START REPLICA from MariaDB 10.5.1) with no thread_type options\nstarts both of the replica threads (see replication). The I/O thread reads\nevents from the primary server and stores them in the relay log. The SQL\nthread reads events from the relay log and executes them. START SLAVE requires\nthe SUPER privilege, or, from MariaDB 10.5.2, the REPLICATION SLAVE ADMIN\nprivilege.\n\nIf START SLAVE succeeds in starting the replica threads, it returns without\nany error. However, even in that case, it might be that the replica threads\nstart and then later stop (for example, because they do not manage to connect\nto the primary or read its binary log, or some other problem). START SLAVE\ndoes not warn you about this. You must check the replica\'s error log for error\nmessages generated by the replica threads, or check that they are running\nsatisfactorily with SHOW SLAVE STATUS (SHOW REPLICA STATUS from MariaDB\n10.5.1).\n\nSTART SLAVE UNTIL\n-----------------\n\nSTART SLAVE UNTIL refers to the SQL_THREAD replica position at which the\nSQL_THREAD replication will halt. If SQL_THREAD isn\'t specified both threads\nare started.\n\nSTART SLAVE UNTIL master_gtid_pos=xxx is also supported. See Global\nTransaction ID/START SLAVE UNTIL master_gtid_pos=xxx for more details.\n\nconnection_name\n---------------\n\nIf there is only one nameless primary, or the default primary (as specified by\nthe default_master_connection system variable) is intended, connection_name\ncan be omitted. If provided, the START SLAVE statement will apply to the\nspecified primary. connection_name is case-insensitive.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.7.0\n----------------------------\nThe FOR CHANNEL keyword was added for MySQL compatibility. This is identical\nas using the channel_name directly after START SLAVE.\n\nSTART ALL SLAVES\n----------------\n\nSTART ALL SLAVES starts all configured replicas (replicas with master_host not\nempty) that were not started before. It will give a note for all started\nconnections. You can check the notes with SHOW WARNINGS.\n\nSTART REPLICA\n-------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.1\n----------------------------\nSTART REPLICA is an alias for START SLAVE from MariaDB 10.5.1.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/start-replica/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/start-replica/'),
(828,'RESET REPLICA/SLAVE',49,'The terms master and slave have historically been used in replication, but the\nterms terms primary and replica are now preferred. The old terms are used\nstill used in parts of the documentation, and in MariaDB commands, although\nMariaDB 10.5 has begun the process of renaming. The documentation process is\nongoing. See MDEV-18777 to follow progress on this effort.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nRESET REPLICA [\"connection_name\"] [ALL]  [FOR CHANNEL \"connection_name\"] --\nfrom MariaDB 10.5.1         \nRESET SLAVE [\"connection_name\"] [ALL]  [FOR CHANNEL \"connection_name\"]\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nRESET REPLICA/SLAVE makes the replica forget its replication position in the\nmaster\'s binary log. This statement is meant to be used for a clean start. It\ndeletes the master.info and relay-log.info files, all the relay log files, and\nstarts a new relay log file. To use RESET REPLICA/SLAVE, the replica threads\nmust be stopped (use STOP REPLICA/SLAVE if necessary).\n\nNote: All relay log files are deleted, even if they have not been completely\nexecuted by the slave SQL thread. (This is a condition likely to exist on a\nreplication slave if you have issued a STOP REPLICA/SLAVE statement or if the\nslave is highly loaded.)\n\nNote: RESET REPLICA does not reset the global gtid_slave_pos variable. This\nmeans that a replica server configured with CHANGE MASTER TO\nMASTER_USE_GTID=slave_pos will not receive events with GTIDs occurring before\nthe state saved in gtid_slave_pos. If the intent is to reprocess these events,\ngtid_slave_pos must be manually reset, e.g. by executing set global\ngtid_slave_pos=\"\".\n\nConnection information stored in the master.info file is immediately reset\nusing any values specified in the corresponding startup options. This\ninformation includes values such as master host, master port, master user, and\nmaster password. If the replica SQL thread was in the middle of replicating\ntemporary tables when it was stopped, and RESET REPLICA/SLAVE is issued, these\nreplicated temporary tables are deleted on the slave.\n\nThe ALL also resets the PORT, HOST, USER and PASSWORD parameters for the\nslave. If you are using a connection name, it will permanently delete it and\nit will not show up anymore in SHOW ALL REPLICAS/SLAVE STATUS.\n\nconnection_name\n---------------\n\nThe connection_name option is used for multi-source replication.\n\nIf there is only one nameless primary, or the default primary (as specified by\nthe default_master_connection system variable) is intended, connection_name\ncan be omitted. If provided, the RESET REPLICA/SLAVE statement will apply to\nthe specified primary. connection_name is case-insensitive.\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.7.0\n----------------------------\nThe FOR CHANNEL keyword was added for MySQL compatibility. This is identical\nas using the channel_name directly after RESET REPLICA.\n\nRESET REPLICA\n-------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.5.1\n----------------------------\nRESET REPLICA is an alias for RESET SLAVE from MariaDB 10.5.1.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/reset-replica/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/reset-replica/'),
(830,'EXECUTE Statement',50,'Syntax\n------\n\nEXECUTE stmt_name\n  [USING expression[, expression] ...]\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.2.3\n----------------------------\nEXECUTE with expression as parameters was introduced in MariaDB 10.2.3. Before\nthat one could only use variables (@var_name) as parameters.\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nAfter preparing a statement with PREPARE, you execute it with an EXECUTE\nstatement that refers to the prepared statement name. If the prepared\nstatement contains any parameter markers, you must supply a USING clause that\nlists user variables containing the values to be bound to the parameters.\nParameter values can be supplied only by user variables, and the USING clause\nmust name exactly as many variables as the number of parameter markers in the\nstatement.\n\nYou can execute a given prepared statement multiple times, passing different\nvariables to it or setting the variables to different values before each\nexecution.\n\nIf the specified statement has not been PREPAREd, an error similar to the\nfollowing is produced:\n\nERROR 1243 (HY000): Unknown prepared statement handler (stmt_name) given to\nEXECUTE\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSee example in PREPARE.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/execute-statement/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/execute-statement/'),
(832,'DEALLOCATE / DROP PREPARE',50,'Syntax\n------\n\n{DEALLOCATE | DROP} PREPARE stmt_name\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nTo deallocate a prepared statement produced with PREPARE, use a DEALLOCATE\nPREPARE statement that refers to the prepared statement name.\n\nA prepared statement is implicitly deallocated when a new PREPARE command is\nissued. In that case, there is no need to use DEALLOCATE.\n\nAttempting to execute a prepared statement after deallocating it results in an\nerror, as if it was not prepared at all:\n\nERROR 1243 (HY000): Unknown prepared statement handler (stmt_name) given to\nEXECUTE\n\nIf the specified statement has not been PREPAREd, an error similar to the\nfollowing will be produced:\n\nERROR 1243 (HY000): Unknown prepared statement handler (stmt_name) given to\nDEALLOCATE PREPARE\n\nExample\n-------\n\nSee example in PREPARE.\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/deallocate-drop-prepare/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/deallocate-drop-prepare/'),
(833,'EXECUTE IMMEDIATE',50,'MariaDB starting with 10.2.3\n----------------------------\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE was introduced in MariaDB 10.2.3.\n\nSyntax\n------\n\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE executes a dynamic SQL statement created on the fly, which\ncan reduce performance overhead.\n\nFor example:\n\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'SELECT 1\'\n\nwhich is shorthand for:\n\nprepare stmt from \"select 1\";\nexecute stmt;\ndeallocate prepare stmt;\n\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE supports complex expressions as prepare source and\nparameters:\n\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE CONCAT(\'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM \', \'t1\', \' WHERE a=?\') USING\n5+5;\n\nLimitations: subselects and stored function calls are not supported as a\nprepare source.\n\nThe following examples return an error:\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f1() RETURNS VARCHAR(64) RETURN \'SELECT * FROM t1\';\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE f1();\nERROR 1970 (42000): EXECUTE IMMEDIATE does not support subqueries or stored\nfunctions\n\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE (SELECT \'SELECT * FROM t1\');\nERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual\nthat \n corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near\n \'SELECT \'SELECT * FROM t1\')\' at line 1\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f1() RETURNS INT RETURN 10;\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=?\' USING f1();\nERROR 1970 (42000): EXECUTE..USING does not support subqueries or stored\nfunctions\n\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=?\' USING (SELECT 10);\nERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual\nthat \n corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near\n \'SELECT 10)\' at line 1\n\nOne can use a user or an SP variable as a workaround:\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f1() RETURNS VARCHAR(64) RETURN \'SELECT * FROM t1\';\nSET @stmt=f1();\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE @stmt;\n\nSET @stmt=(SELECT \'SELECT 1\');\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE @stmt;\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f1() RETURNS INT RETURN 10;\nSET @param=f1();\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=?\' USING @param;\n\nSET @param=(SELECT 10);\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=?\' USING @param;\n\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE supports user variables and SP variables as OUT parameters\n\nDELIMITER $$\nCREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE p1(OUT a INT)\nBEGIN\n SET a:= 10;\nEND;\n$$\nDELIMITER ;\nSET @a=2;\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'CALL p1(?)\' USING @a;\nSELECT @a;\n+------+\n| @a   |\n+------+\n|   10 |\n+------+\n\nSimilar to PREPARE, EXECUTE IMMEDIATE is allowed in stored procedures but is\nnot allowed in stored functions.\n\nThis example uses EXECUTE IMMEDIATE inside a stored procedure:\n\nDELIMITER $$\nCREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE p1()\nBEGIN\n EXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'SELECT 1\';\nEND;\n$$\nDELIMITER ;\nCALL p1;\n+---+\n| 1 |\n+---+\n| 1 |\n+---+\n\nThis script returns an error:\n\nDELIMITER $$\nCREATE FUNCTION f1() RETURNS INT\nBEGIN\n EXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'DO 1\';\n RETURN 1;\nEND;\n$$\nERROR 1336 (0A000): Dynamic SQL is not allowed in stored function or trigger\n\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE can use DEFAULT and IGNORE indicators as bind parameters:\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE TABLE t1 (a INT DEFAULT 10);\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (?)\' USING DEFAULT;\nSELECT * FROM t1;\n+------+\n| a    |\n+------+\n|   10 |\n+------+\n\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE increments the Com_execute_immediate status variable, as\nwell as the Com_stmt_prepare, Com_stmt_execute and Com_stmt_close status\nvariables.\n\nNote, EXECUTE IMMEDIATE does not increment the Com_execute_sql status\nvariable. Com_execute_sql is used only for PREPARE..EXECUTE.\n\nThis session screenshot demonstrates how EXECUTE IMMEDIATE affects status\nvariables:\n\nSELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SESSION_STATUS WHERE VARIABLE_NAME RLIKE \n (\'COM_(EXECUTE|STMT_PREPARE|STMT_EXECUTE|STMT_CLOSE)\');\n\n+-----------------------+----------------+\n| VARIABLE_NAME         | VARIABLE_VALUE |\n+-----------------------+----------------+\n| COM_EXECUTE_IMMEDIATE | 0              |\n| COM_EXECUTE_SQL       | 0              |\n| COM_STMT_CLOSE        | 0              |\n| COM_STMT_EXECUTE      | 0              |\n| COM_STMT_PREPARE      | 0              |\n+-----------------------+----------------+\n\nEXECUTE IMMEDIATE \'SELECT 1\';\n+---+\n| 1 |\n+---+\n| 1 |\n+---+\n\nSELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SESSION_STATUS WHERE VARIABLE_NAME RLIKE \n (\'COM_(EXECUTE|STMT_PREPARE|STMT_EXECUTE|STMT_CLOSE)\');\n+-----------------------+----------------+\n| VARIABLE_NAME         | VARIABLE_VALUE |\n+-----------------------+----------------+\n| COM_EXECUTE_IMMEDIATE | 1              |\n| COM_EXECUTE_SQL       | 0              |\n| COM_STMT_CLOSE        | 1              |\n| COM_STMT_EXECUTE      | 1              |\n| COM_STMT_PREPARE      | 1              |\n+-----------------------+----------------+\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/execute-immediate/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/execute-immediate/'),
(831,'PREPARE Statement',50,'Syntax\n------\n\nPREPARE stmt_name FROM preparable_stmt\n\nDescription\n-----------\n\nThe PREPARE statement prepares a statement and assigns it a name, stmt_name,\nby which to refer to the statement later. Statement names are not case\nsensitive. preparable_stmt is either a string literal or a user variable (not\na local variable, an SQL expression or a subquery) that contains the text of\nthe statement. The text must represent a single SQL statement, not multiple\nstatements. Within the statement, \"?\" characters can be used as parameter\nmarkers to indicate where data values are to be bound to the query later when\nyou execute it. The \"?\" characters should not be enclosed within quotes, even\nif you intend to bind them to string values. Parameter markers can be used\nonly where expressions should appear, not for SQL keywords, identifiers, and\nso forth.\n\nThe scope of a prepared statement is the session within which it is created.\nOther sessions cannot see it.\n\nIf a prepared statement with the given name already exists, it is deallocated\nimplicitly before the new statement is prepared. This means that if the new\nstatement contains an error and cannot be prepared, an error is returned and\nno statement with the given name exists.\n\nPrepared statements can be PREPAREd and EXECUTEd in a stored procedure, but\nnot in a stored function or trigger. Also, even if the statement is PREPAREd\nin a procedure, it will not be deallocated when the procedure execution ends.\n\nA prepared statement can access user-defined variables, but not local\nvariables or procedure\'s parameters.\n\nIf the prepared statement contains a syntax error, PREPARE will fail. As a\nside effect, stored procedures can use it to check if a statement is valid.\nFor example:\n\nCREATE PROCEDURE `test_stmt`(IN sql_text TEXT)\nBEGIN\n    DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION\n    BEGIN\n        SELECT CONCAT(sql_text, \' is not valid\');\n    END;\n    SET @SQL := sql_text;\n    PREPARE stmt FROM @SQL;\n    DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;\nEND;\n\nThe FOUND_ROWS() and ROW_COUNT() functions, if called immediatly after\nEXECUTE, return the number of rows read or affected by the prepared\nstatements; however, if they are called after DEALLOCATE PREPARE, they provide\ninformation about this statement. If the prepared statement produces errors or\nwarnings, GET DIAGNOSTICS return information about them. DEALLOCATE PREPARE\nshouldn\'t clear the diagnostics area, unless it produces an error.\n\nA prepared statement is executed with EXECUTE and released with DEALLOCATE\nPREPARE.\n\nThe max_prepared_stmt_count server system variable determines the number of\nallowed prepared statements that can be prepared on the server. If it is set\nto 0, prepared statements are not allowed. If the limit is reached, an error\nsimilar to the following will be produced:\n\nERROR 1461 (42000): Can\'t create more than max_prepared_stmt_count statements \n (current value: 0)\n\nOracle Mode\n-----------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.3\n--------------------------\nIn Oracle mode from MariaDB 10.3, PREPARE stmt FROM \'SELECT :1, :2\' is used,\ninstead of ?.\n\nPermitted Statements\n--------------------\n\nMariaDB starting with 10.6.2\n----------------------------\nAll statements can be prepared, except PREPARE, EXECUTE, and DEALLOCATE / DROP\nPREPARE.\n\nPrior to this, not all statements can be prepared. Only the following SQL\ncommands are permitted:\n\n* ALTER TABLE\n* ANALYZE TABLE\n* BINLOG\n* CACHE INDEX\n* CALL\n* CHANGE MASTER\n* CHECKSUM {TABLE | TABLES}\n* COMMIT\n* {CREATE | DROP} DATABASE\n* {CREATE | DROP} INDEX\n* {CREATE | RENAME | DROP} TABLE\n* {CREATE | RENAME | DROP} USER\n* {CREATE | DROP} VIEW\n* DELETE\n* DESCRIBE\n* DO\n* EXPLAIN\n* FLUSH {TABLE | TABLES | TABLES WITH READ LOCK | HOSTS | PRIVILEGES | LOGS |\nSTATUS | \n MASTER | SLAVE | DES_KEY_FILE | USER_RESOURCES | QUERY CACHE |\nTABLE_STATISTICS | \n INDEX_STATISTICS | USER_STATISTICS | CLIENT_STATISTICS}\n* GRANT\n* INSERT\n* INSTALL {PLUGIN | SONAME}\n* HANDLER READ\n* KILL\n* LOAD INDEX INTO CACHE\n* OPTIMIZE TABLE\n* REPAIR TABLE\n* REPLACE\n* RESET {MASTER | SLAVE | QUERY CACHE}\n* REVOKE\n* ROLLBACK\n* SELECT\n* SET\n* SET GLOBAL SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER\n* SET ROLE\n* SET SQL_LOG_BIN\n* SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL\n* SHOW EXPLAIN\n* SHOW {DATABASES | TABLES | OPEN TABLES | TABLE STATUS | COLUMNS | INDEX |\nTRIGGERS | \n EVENTS | GRANTS | CHARACTER SET | COLLATION | ENGINES | PLUGINS [SONAME] |\nPRIVILEGES | \n PROCESSLIST | PROFILE | PROFILES | VARIABLES | STATUS | WARNINGS | ERRORS |\n TABLE_STATISTICS | INDEX_STATISTICS | USER_STATISTICS | CLIENT_STATISTICS |\nAUTHORS | \n CONTRIBUTORS}\n* SHOW CREATE {DATABASE | TABLE | VIEW | PROCEDURE | FUNCTION | TRIGGER |\nEVENT}\n* SHOW {FUNCTION | PROCEDURE} CODE\n* SHOW BINLOG EVENTS\n* SHOW SLAVE HOSTS\n* SHOW {MASTER | BINARY} LOGS\n* SHOW {MASTER | SLAVE | TABLES | INNODB | FUNCTION | PROCEDURE} STATUS\n* SLAVE {START | STOP}\n* TRUNCATE TABLE\n* SHUTDOWN\n* UNINSTALL {PLUGIN | SONAME}\n* UPDATE\n\nSynonyms are not listed here, but can be used. For example, DESC can be used\ninstead of DESCRIBE.\n\nCompound statements can be prepared too.\n\nNote that if a statement can be run in a stored routine, it will work even if\nit is called by a prepared statement. For example, SIGNAL can\'t be directly\nprepared. However, it is allowed in stored routines. If the x() procedure\ncontains SIGNAL, you can still prepare and execute the \'CALL x();\' prepared\nstatement.\n\nPREPARE supports most kinds of expressions as well, for example:\n\nPREPARE stmt FROM CONCAT(\'SELECT * FROM \', table_name);\n\nWhen PREPARE is used with a statement which is not supported, the following\nerror is produced:\n\nERROR 1295 (HY000): This command is not supported in the prepared statement\nprotocol yet\n\nExample\n-------\n\ncreate table t1 (a int,b char(10));\ninsert into t1 values (1,\"one\"),(2, \"two\"),(3,\"three\");\nprepare test from \"select * from t1 where a=?\";\nset @param=2;\nexecute test using @param;\n+------+------+\n| a    | b    |\n+------+------+\n|    2 | two  |\n+------+------+\nset @param=3;\nexecute test using @param;\n+------+-------+\n| a    | b     |\n+------+-------+\n|    3 | three |\n+------+-------+\ndeallocate prepare test;\n\nSince identifiers are not permitted as prepared statements parameters,\nsometimes it is necessary to dynamically compose an SQL statement. This\ntechnique is called dynamic SQL). The following example shows how to use\ndynamic SQL:\n\nCREATE PROCEDURE test.stmt_test(IN tab_name VARCHAR(64))\nBEGIN\n	SET @sql = CONCAT(\'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM \', tab_name);\n	PREPARE stmt FROM @sql;\n	EXECUTE stmt;\n	DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;\nEND;\n\nCALL test.stmt_test(\'mysql.user\');\n+----------+\n| COUNT(*) |\n+----------+\n|        4 |\n+----------+\n\nUse of variables in prepared statements:\n\nPREPARE stmt FROM \'SELECT @x;\';\n\nSET @x = 1;\n\nEXECUTE stmt;\n+------+\n| @x   |\n+------+\n|    1 |\n+------+\n\nSET @x = 0;\n\nEXECUTE stmt;\n+------+\n| @x   |\n+------+\n|    0 |\n+------+\n\nDEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;\n\nURL: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/prepare-statement/','','https://mariadb.com/kb/en/prepare-statement/');
